Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids And Brain Damage: A Review Of Evidence And Medico-Legal Implications

Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AASs) are linked to significant neurobiological consequences, including alterations in serotonin and dopamine systems, leading to mood disorders, aggression, and cognitive deficits. Chronic AASs exposure causes structural and functional changes in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex and limbic regions, indicating long-term neurotoxicity. AASs use increases the risk of depression, anxiety, and psychosis, exacerbated by hormonal dysregulation and neuroinflammation, especially when combined with other substances. Despite evidence of these risks, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and long-term effects, identify biomarkers, and develop targeted interventions. Enhanced awareness and evidence-based strategies are crucial for prevention and reducing the neuropsychiatric burden of AASs abuse.