17β-Estradiol Increases APE1/Ref-1 Secretion in Vascular Endothelial Cells and Ovariectomized Mice: Involvement of Calcium-Dependent Exosome Pathway

    August 2021 in “ Biomedicines ”
    Yu‐Ran Lee, Hee-Kyoung Joo, Eun‐Ok Lee, Sung‐Min Kim, Hao Jin, Yeonhee Choi, Cuk‐Seong Kim, Byeong Hwa Jeon
    The study investigated the effect of twelve endogenous hormones on the secretion of APE1/Ref-1, a protein linked to vascular inflammation, in vascular endothelial cells. It found that 17β-estradiol (E2) was the most potent hormone, significantly increasing APE1/Ref-1 secretion levels in both cultured cells and ovariectomized mice. E2's effect was dependent on estrogen receptors and intracellular calcium, and it was mediated through exosomes, as shown by the inhibition of secretion with specific blockers and inhibitors. The findings suggested that hormonal influences, particularly E2, should be considered when analyzing APE1/Ref-1 as a biomarker for vascular inflammation.
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