31 citations
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November 2003 in “Journal of Occupational Health” This study found that the reproductive function of female hairdressers may be negatively affected by long-term exposure to permanent-waving solutions containing thioglycolic acid, raising concerns about its potential carcinogenic effects.
18 citations
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January 2008 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study observed that repeated perm treatments decrease disulfide bonds in hair due to their conversion largely into cysteic acid, affecting the waving efficiency depending on the reduction agent used.
10 citations
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January 2012 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that thioglycolic acid molecules in hair treatments are primarily located in intrafibrillar unordered areas, where they redistribute disulfide bonds.
3 citations
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January 2009 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study found that using a bicomponent reduction system with TGA and DTDG for hair straightening limited hair damage by forming only thiol groups, while a TGA-only system formed more damaging mixed disulfide groups.
2 citations
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January 2015 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study found that washing hair after reduction in a permanent waving process allows for significant reformation of disulfide cross-links, enhancing the strength and elasticity of hair fibers.