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This review discusses advancements in skin microphysiological systems, such as 3D bioprinting, skin organoids, and skin-on-a-chip, and their effectiveness in emulating human skin functions for research and preclinical applications, highlighting the potential for replacing animal testing with these innovative technologies.

This review examines the role of skin microbes in enhancing the skin barrier and their involvement in skin diseases like atopic dermatitis, while also discussing current and future therapeutic strategies targeting the skin microbiome.

This review outlines the role of mechanical forces in the development of sensory organs like eyes and ears, emphasizing insights from recent animal studies and microfabricated organoid systems; it presents no new experimental results.

This review outlines the transition from simple hair follicle organoids to immune-competent microphysiological systems, addressing limitations in replicating native hair follicle immune features and discussing their applications in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.

In this review, researchers summarize key factors in constructing skin organoids, including cell source and assembly methods, and emphasize advances such as air-liquid interface culture for improving tissue development, aiming to guide standardized protocols and future clinical applications.