January 2014 in “Sen i Gakkaishi” In this study, liposome-encapsulated thioglycolic acid improved hair perming by enhancing the penetration of perm solutions, resulting in a stronger S-shaped wave and higher cysteine content compared to the control.
February 2025 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that treating hair with ATS, formed from fumaric acid and cysteamine, effectively improved hair quality by increasing moisture content and altering the internal structure of strong curls.
September 2015 in “The European physical journal. E, Soft matter and biological physics/The European physical journal. E, Soft matter” In this study, a mechanical model was developed to describe and validate the effectiveness of overnight hair curling, suggesting that combining it with hair fixatives can maintain a desired curl for over a day.
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April 2021 in “Han'gug miyong haghoeji/Journal of the Korean society of cosmetology” In this study, researchers found that using 0.75% aspartic acid as an intermediate agent for a permanent wave improved wave formation and retention compared to a control in virgin hair, also reducing cuticle damage and maintaining tensile strength.
September 2023 in “Asian journal of beauty & cosmetology” In this review paper, the authors explored the composition and role of lipids in human hair, highlighting their importance for hair texture, moisture retention, and tensile strength, while noting that the understanding of hair lipids' functions remains controversial and requires further research.