75 citations
,
November 1965 in “Textile research journal” This study found that papain/bisulfite disintegrates human hair cuticles by dissolving the endocuticle, potentially accelerated by ethanol's removal of cell membrane material.
34 citations
,
April 2012 in “Molecular Biology Reports” This study isolated a thermophilic bacterial strain, Bacillus cereus, from soil that produces an extracellular protease; the enzyme effectively removed non-leather structures from animal pelts and was compatible with commercial detergents.
28 citations
,
December 2011 in “Biocatalysis and biotransformation” This study found that a peptide treatment using Protein disulphide isomerase improved the mechanical and thermal properties of over-bleached hair by promoting deeper peptide penetration and attachment.
35 citations
,
February 2006 in “Textile Research Journal” This study found that xylanase and pectinase enzymes clean wool and specialty hair fibers as effectively as soap, without causing physical damage, whereas resinase was not effective.
11 citations
,
August 2013 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that a combination of Trichogen and climbazole may inhibit protease activity and increase the force required to remove human hair, suggesting potential to reduce excessive hair shedding.
29 citations
,
December 2017 in “Molecular therapy” This study found that enzyme replacement therapy in mice with a severe form of classical homocystinuria improved metabolic patterns and alleviated many clinical symptoms.
28 citations
,
September 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study isolated and characterized two distinct types of caspase-like proteases from human epidermis, suggesting their involvement in keratinocyte differentiation and apoptosis processes.
June 2025 in “Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology” This study used in-silico analyses to investigate papain's potential as a fibrinolytic agent and found that certain fibrin peptides displayed strong interactions with papain, suggesting it may be beneficial for cardiovascular disease treatment.
53 citations
,
June 1983 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study reports that human epidermal transglutaminase activity increases with treatment using organic solvents and chemicals without significant molecular weight changes, which may allow modulation of the enzyme in skin diseases.
91 citations
,
May 1972 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry” This research found that the transfer reaction catalyzed by human plasma and guinea pig hair follicle transglutaminases aligns with a ping-pong mechanism involving peptide-bound glutamine.
38 citations
,
October 2011 in “Analytical biochemistry” This study used proteomic techniques to analyze human hair proteins, revealing keratin heterogeneity and identifying posttranslational modifications, such as cysteine trioxidation and methylation.
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” ATR12-351 ointment safely delivers LEKTI protein to the skin, reducing enzyme activity in Netherton syndrome.
8 citations
,
January 2017 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry” This study found that astrotactin-2 undergoes unique intramembrane proteolysis during maturation, revealing specific transmembrane topologies and substrate sequence requirements for cleavage.
11 citations
,
January 2016 in “International Journal of Biological Macromolecules” This study found that enzymatic phosphorylation of hair keratin increased its capacity to adsorb cationic components like methylene blue and may have practical implications for hair care products.
March 2026 in “Bioengineering & Translational Medicine” This study reported that a modified version of Thymosin beta 4, called PEG-rTβ4, demonstrated potential as a treatment for acute myocardial infarction by improving cardiac function and reducing cell death via specific biochemical pathways, suggesting its promise in drug development efforts.
January 2024 in “Authorea (Authorea)” This study found that laccase-assisted grafting of poly(tyrosine) onto wool materials improved shrinkage resistance and mechanical properties while causing minor decreases in crystallinity and thermal resistance, suggesting a potential "green" approach to enhance wool durability.
3 citations
,
January 2021 in “ScienceAsia” In this study, combined treatment with transglutaminase and keratin significantly repaired damaged hair by improving its structural properties, reducing swelling, and enhancing crosslink activities, as evidenced by microscopy and spectroscopy analyses.
12 citations
,
June 2011 in “Journal of applied polymer science” This study found that hydrophobic amino acids from egg white hydrolyzed protein and L-phenylalanine effectively penetrate deep into the human hair fiber, increasing specific contents in both virgin and bleached hair.
January 2006 in “Zhongguo bijiao yixue zazhi” This study demonstrated a simple and efficient method to isolate epithelial cells from rat vibrissa follicles, reducing labor and contamination risk while maintaining positive K19 staining.
May 2010 in “Europe PMC (PubMed Central)” This chapter discusses the synthesis and analysis of near-infrared fluorescent activity-based probes for imaging cysteine protease activity, reporting potential benefits for disease diagnosis but noting challenges in imaging specific locations with high cathepsin activity.
2 citations
,
February 2024 in “STAR Protocols” In this research, an optimized protocol was developed for dissociating human scalp tissue to produce high-quality single-cell suspensions suitable for single-cell RNA sequencing, aimed at studying the transcriptomics of human hair follicles.
20 citations
,
December 2012 in “Journal of molecular structure” This study found that at pH 9.0, CYS penetrated less and caused less damage to virgin human hair than TG because it barely reached the cortex region.
4 citations
,
January 2024 in “Scientific Reports” Pumpkin seeds may help expel parasites, but findings are retracted.
4 citations
,
August 2014 in “Journal of molecular structure” In this study, the authors concluded that a hydrolyzed eggwhite protein treatment promoted the reconnection of disulfide bonds in excessively bleached hair, after reduction and oxidation processes in permanent waving.
4 citations
,
December 2018 in “Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering” This study developed a reliable RP-HPLC-DAD method, finding that amino acid concentrations in bleached hair decrease with higher hydrogen peroxide levels, notably affecting cystine.
8 citations
,
July 2018 in “Analytical sciences” This study reported that derivatization with 5-butylpicolinic acid improved the sensitivity for detecting testosterone and DHT in saliva using LC-ESI-MS/MS, with minimal interference from the saliva matrix.
29 citations
,
August 2005 in “Biopolymers” In this study, researchers found that L-cysteine interacted electrostatically with anionic ions on the surface of keratin fibers in human hair, reducing the rate of disulfide bond disconnection at pH 9.0.
3 citations
,
April 2012 in “Bioinformation” This study concluded that specific SNPs in the TRPS1 gene significantly alter its protein structure, affecting interactions and contributing to the development of congenital hypertrichosis.
December 2021 in “Journal of natural fibers” In this study, researchers developed enzymatic methods to isolate hair cuticle cells and remove the hair cuticle layer, finding that the harvested cuticle cells are thermally more stable and contain different structural proteins compared to descaled hair fibers.
91 citations
,
July 2004 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry” This study found that overexpression of the enzyme SSAT in a mouse model significantly reduced prostate tumor size and progression, suggesting it could be a promising strategy against prostate cancer.