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Nanocarriers could improve how drugs are delivered through the skin but require more research to overcome challenges and ensure safety.

This study found that valproic acid-loaded microemulsion formulations enhanced skin penetration pathways in guinea pigs compared to an aqueous solution, with composition elements like oil content and surfactant ratios significantly affecting drug delivery performance.

This review discusses the application of lipid nanoparticles for enhancing drug delivery through hair follicles and reports no new clinical results, emphasizing the potential role of sebum-like lipids in this context.

In this study, brief ultrasound exposure reduced the follicular contribution to hydrocortisone absorption while significantly increasing total skin permeability, likely due to removal of the upper stratum corneum.

This study found that applying controlled hypobaric stress to the skin significantly improved the in vitro and in vivo penetration of macromolecules, facilitating enhanced drug delivery.

This study found that iontophoresis significantly enhances the skin penetration of magnesium salt of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, especially in hairy mice, compared to passive diffusion.

This study extended a skin diffusion model to include a porous pathway, effectively explaining the permeability of both polar and lipophilic solutes through the stratum corneum.

This review explores the application of nanotechnology in cosmetics, highlighting its role in enhancing skin penetration, sustaining drug action, and protecting against UV radiation, while also addressing regulatory considerations and potential exposure routes.

Hair follicles could be used for targeted drug delivery, with liposomal systems showing promise for this method.

This study observed that topical oligonucleotide penetration in mouse skin involves a follicular route, suggesting potential suitability for targeting hair follicle-related structures.

This review study found that vesicular carriers like liposomes, niosomes, invasomes, and transferosomes can enhance drug penetration through follicles, benefiting treatments for alopecia, acne, and infections, as well as potentially facilitating systemic delivery of antihypertensive drugs and insulin.

This study concluded that sebaceous glands are the main pathway for the antiandrogen RU 58841 to permeate the skin, with liposomes enhancing localization in these glands.

This study introduced a novel nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist that effectively controls sebum production in the golden Syrian hamster ear model through targeted follicular delivery.

This study presented a new two-dimensional model that successfully predicts transdermal permeation of caffeine, highlighting the significant role of the follicular pathway in increasing systemic bioavailability.

This study found that ethanol-containing formulations significantly increased minoxidil retention in the stratum corneum and appendages initially, while a propylene glycol-rich formulation enhanced deeper skin penetration over time.

This study found that increasing a drug's lipophilicity and adding ethanol to the donor phase can enhance its delivery to the hair follicle, although the precise transport mechanism remains unclear.

This review discusses the use of lipid nanoparticles for topical and transdermal delivery of pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals and reports no new clinical results.

This review discusses current knowledge on the biological mechanisms of different types of alopecia but reports no new clinical findings; the authors highlight future research directions, especially regarding epidermal stem cells and immune pathways.

This review discusses the mechanisms and storage of particles in hair follicles and presents no new experimental results, highlighting the need for further research in their safe application in dermatology and cosmetics.

In this study, ultradeformable liposomes containing Tween 20 or terpenes increased phospholipid bilayer fluidity and enhanced skin penetration of sodium fluorescein, with terpenes improving hair follicle penetration.

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) is a useful tool for studying how drugs interact with skin and diagnosing skin disorders, despite some limitations.

This study reviews various skin models and methodologies used to assess the follicular penetration of nanoparticle-based drugs, highlighting inconsistencies that complicate comparisons and aims to establish more uniform protocols for clearer study outcomes.

This study found that chitosan microparticles containing minoxidil sulphate sustained its release and may hold potential for targeted topical treatment of alopecia.

Nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs to hair follicles, potentially improving treatments for conditions like acne and alopecia, and could also be used for vaccine delivery and gene therapy.

This review highlights the need for methodologies to understand and quantify drug penetration into hair follicles as significant drug pathways, noting this area lacks comprehensive articles and reports no new results.

This study reported that microparticle-loaded emulsions containing caffeic acid achieved more homogeneous distribution and prolonged release in hair follicles, suggesting potential for effective folliculitis treatment.

This study validated the differential stripping technique on hairless rat skin and found that the P-08–016 formulation delivered more finasteride to the epidermis and appendages compared to P-10–008.

This study suggests that artificial sebum L may serve as an effective substitute for human sebum in drug transport studies, due to its similar physicochemical properties.

This study found that formulation factors like pH, viscosity, and chemical enhancers can significantly influence intrafollicular hydrocortisone permeation in vitro, with higher pH and enhancers reducing follicular contribution.

This review discusses recent advancements in understanding hair follicles, their disorders, and potential therapeutic opportunities, but it reports no new clinical findings.