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Glossary T cell infiltration

movement of T lymphocytes into tissue, often causing inflammation

T cell infiltration refers to the movement and accumulation of T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) into a specific tissue or organ. This process often occurs in response to infection, inflammation, or autoimmune conditions, where T cells target and attack perceived threats, such as pathogens or, in some cases, the body's own cells. In the context of alopecia, T cell infiltration can lead to the immune system attacking hair follicles, resulting in hair loss.

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research ISID1373 - Expression of programmed cell death 1 inversely correlated with the density of CD8+ T cells infiltrating hair follicles in alopecia areata

April 2023

This study observed two distinct groups of alopecia areata lesions based on PD-1 expression in T cells from biopsied skin samples, suggesting potential differences in subtypes or stages of the disease that warrant further investigation.

Expression of Programmed Cell Death 1 Inversely Correlated With the Density of CD8+ T Cells Infiltrating Hair Follicles in Alopecia Areata

research 1373 Expression of programmed cell death 1 inversely correlated with the density of CD8+ T cells infiltrating hair follicles in alopecia areata

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that in biopsied skin samples of alopecia areata, a lower anagen/telogen ratio was associated with increased T cell infiltration, and enhancing the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may inhibit CD8+T cell infiltration and improve the condition.

research Dandruff lesional scalp skin exhibits epidermal T cell infiltration and a weakened hair follicle immune privilege

March 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

This study observed that dandruff-affected scalp skin has increased T-cell infiltration in the epidermis and a reduction in the hair follicle's physiological immune privilege, particularly in the suprabulbar outer root sheath area, indicating a distinct immune microenvironment compared to healthy scalp.

Alopecia Areata But Not Androgenetic Alopecia Is Characterized By A Restricted And Oligoclonal T-Cell Receptor-Repertoire Among Infiltrating Lymphocytes

research Alopecia areata but not androgenetic alopecia is characterized by a restricted and oligoclonal T-cell receptor-repertoire among infiltrating lymphocytes

19 citations , March 1997 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

This study observed that patients with alopecia areata often have a T-cell receptor repertoire in skin lesions that suggests a specific antigen-driven immune response may be important in the disease's pathogenesis.

CD80CD86 Deficiency Disrupts Regulatory CD4+FoxP3+ T Cell Homeostasis and Induces Autoimmune-Like Alopecia

research CD80CD86 deficiency disrupts regulatory CD4+FoxP3+T cell homoeostasis and induces autoimmune-like alopecia

6 citations , April 2017 in “Experimental dermatology”

This study found that B6.CD80CD86−/− mice developed autoimmune-like alopecia with nearly 100% incidence by 40 weeks, making them a promising model for studying human alopecia areata.

research Immunohistochemical analysis of T-cell subsets in the inflammatory infiltrates of alopecia areata and its comparison with androgenetic alopecia

April 2020 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that peribulbar lymphocytic infiltration can effectively differentiate between alopecia areata and androgenetic alopecia using T-cell infiltration patterns in skin tissue.

research Direct T-cell effects of minoxidii

7 citations , October 1988 in “Clinics in Dermatology”

Minoxidil may help hair regrowth in alopecia areata by affecting T-cells.

research A biopsy-sized 3D skin model with a perifollicular vascular plexus enables studying immune cell trafficking in the skin

6 citations , June 2024 in “Biofabrication”

This study used digital-light-processing bioprinting to create a 3D skin-on-a-chip model with a miniaturized vascular network to closely study immune cell interactions similar to real human skin, demonstrating the potential to analyze immune-T cell trafficking influenced by skin signals.

research 0150 Single-cell and spatial transcriptome profiling reveals innate-adaptive crosstalk in alopecia areata

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Alopecia areata involves complex immune cell interactions, especially between CD8+ T cells and macrophages, which could help develop new treatments.

TNC+ Fibroblasts Involved in Skin Inflammation via Neuro-Immune Interactions with T Cells

research TNC+ fibroblasts involve in skin inflammation via neuro-immune and interacting with T cells

September 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This study found that TNC + fibroblasts are crucial in neuro-immune interactions in various skin diseases, particularly inflammation and tumors, by engaging extensively with immune cells and overexpressing inflammatory genes, suggesting their significant role in skin abnormalities.

research 452 Braicitinib treatment reduced the expansion of CD8+ T cells in C3H mice with skin grafts-induced alopecia areata

October 2023 in “Regular and Young Investigator Award Abstracts”

This study found that Baricitinib significantly reduced hair loss and immune response in a mouse model of alopecia areata.

research Spatial transcriptome reveals disturbance of peri-infundibular immune infiltration in androgenetic alopecia

June 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

In this study, researchers used spatial transcriptome profiling to identify immune disturbances in the peri-infundibular region of androgenetic alopecia patients’ hair follicles, finding increased CD4+ T cells with a bias toward Th2 immune responses compared to controls.

research Skin-infiltrating CD4+ lymphoma cells depend on hair follicle-derived IL-7

September 2016 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This research suggests that hair follicle-derived cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 are crucial for maintaining resident memory T cells in the skin, which may be relevant for diseases like cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

research Investigation of hub genes and immune infiltration in androgenetic alopecia using bioinformatics analysis

November 2022 in “Annals of Translational Medicine”

This study identified four hub genes that are closely linked to the causative factors of androgenetic alopecia, suggesting potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

research 001 Human scalp hair follicles are protected from alopecia areata in vivo by regulatory γδT cells

November 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

γδT cells can protect hair follicles from alopecia areata and promote hair regrowth.

research A mouse model of vitiligo based on endogenous auto-reactive CD8 + T cell targeting skin melanocyte

24 citations , October 2022 in “Cell Regeneration”

This study describes a new mouse model for vitiligo that mimics key clinical features such as skin depigmentation and CD8 + T cell infiltration, providing a useful tool for in-depth research and drug discovery.

research PD23-01 INHIBITOR OF 5A-REDUCTASE TYPES II PROMOTES THE INFILTRATION OF CD8+T CELLS IN BPH TISSUES.

March 2014 in “The Journal of Urology”

In this study, treatment with a 5a-reductase inhibitor increased CD8+ T cell infiltration in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues, suggesting an impact on inflammatory responses.

research An unusual variant of granulomatous adnexotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

23 citations , February 2003 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This case study describes a 40-year-old man diagnosed with pilotropic mycosis fungoides, a form of folliculotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of hair follicles and eccrine glands.

research Loss of epidermal Evi/Wls results in a phenotype resembling psoriasiform dermatitis

51 citations , August 2013 in “The Journal of experimental medicine/The journal of experimental medicine”

This study found that Wnt secretion is important for maintaining skin homeostasis in mice, as Evi-deficient mice developed psoriasis-like skin lesions and had an imbalance in immune cell populations.

research An overview of JAK/STAT pathways and JAK inhibition in alopecia areata

40 citations , August 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This review discusses the potential of JAK inhibitors as a promising treatment strategy for alopecia areata, highlighting their mechanism and recent FDA approval based on clinical trial efficacy.

research ALOPECIA UNIVERSALIS TREATED WITH ORAL CYCLOSPORINE A AND PREDNISOLONE: IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES

26 citations , July 1992 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

In this study, treating refractory alopecia universalis with low-dose cyclosporine A and prednisolone improved symptoms, with no recurring alopecia six months post-treatment and enhancements in immunologic function.

research Early stage alopecia areata is associated with inflammation in the upper dermis and damage to the hair follicle infundibulum

22 citations , June 2013 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

Early stage bald spots are linked to skin inflammation and damage to the upper part of the hair follicle.

research Alopecia areata multiplex following autologous dermal micrograft injection for treatment of androgenetic alopecia

4 citations , May 2019 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Hair loss treatment caused more hair loss in a man.

Alopecia Areata: Genetic and Immunological Insights

research Alopecia Areata

1 citations , January 2017 in “Springer eBooks”

This review discusses recent advances in understanding alopecia areata's disease mechanisms and highlights JAK molecules as promising therapeutic targets, but reports no new clinical results; controlled trials are needed.

Ruxolitinib Reverses Alopecia Areata Via a Triple Mechanism: JAK-STAT Inhibition, Localized Oxidative Stress Attenuation and Selective Apoptosis Modulation

research Ruxolitinib reverses alopecia areata via a triple mechanism: JAK-STAT inhibition, localized oxidative stress attenuation and selective apoptosis modulation

March 2026 in “Journal of Translational Autoimmunity”

In this study using a mouse model with alopecia areata, the researchers found that ruxolitinib enhances hair regrowth by inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and decreasing apoptosis, which supports its clinical effectiveness in treating this condition.

ROS-Responsive Hydrogel-Delivered miR-665 Targets STAT3 to Alleviate Inflammation and Promote Hair Follicle Regeneration in Alopecia Areata

research ROS-responsive hydrogel-delivered miR-665 targets STAT3 to alleviate inflammation and promote hair follicle regeneration in alopecia areata

February 2026 in “Figshare”

In this study, researchers developed a biocompatible, ROS-responsive hydrogel to deliver miR-665 locally, effectively reducing inflammatory signaling and promoting hair follicle regeneration in an alopecia areata mouse model, offering a promising approach for targeted treatment.

research ROS-responsive hydrogel-delivered miR-665 targets STAT3 to alleviate inflammation and promote hair follicle regeneration in alopecia areata

February 2026 in “Figshare”

This study found that a newly developed biocompatible hydrogel, responsive to reactive oxygen species, enabled targeted delivery of miR-665, significantly promoting hair regeneration and reducing T-cell infiltration in a mouse model of alopecia areata, suggesting a promising strategy for treating this condition.

research Intranasal sensitization model of alopecia areata using pertussis toxin as adjuvant

October 2024 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This study proposes that intranasal exposure to PTx and autoantigen in an animal model can trigger autoimmune disease, supporting the idea that subclinical nasal colonization by BP may cause alopecia areata.

H3K9me3 Methyltransferase SETDB1 Controls Retrotransposon Silencing, DNA Methylation, Constitutive Heterochromatin Maintenance and 3D-Chromatin Structure in Epidermal Keratinocytes

research 766 H3K9me3 methyltransferase SETDB1 controls retrotransposon silencing, DNA methylation, constitutive heterochromatin maintenance and 3D-chromatin structure in epidermal keratinocytes

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

In this study, researchers found that the loss of SETDB1 in epidermal keratinocytes led to altered chromatin states, increased ERV expression, and activation of immune responses, while inhibiting these effects with certain antiviral drugs reduced skin inflammation and hair loss in a mouse model.

research IL-33 Contributes to the Pathological Changes of Hair Follicles in Psoriasis: A Potential Target for Psoriatic Alopecia

March 2023 in “Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology”

This study suggests that IL-33 promotes hair follicle changes and T cell infiltration in psoriatic mice and humans, contributing to psoriatic alopecia.