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Glossary Systemic Absorption

substance enters bloodstream and spreads throughout the body

Systemic absorption refers to the process by which a substance, such as a medication or chemical, enters the bloodstream and is distributed throughout the body. This can occur through various routes, including oral ingestion, inhalation, or through the skin. Once in the bloodstream, the substance can exert its effects on different organs and tissues, which is crucial for treatments that need to reach systemic circulation to be effective.

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Simultaneous Effects of Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate on Local Hair Growth Promotion and Systemic Absorption of Topically Applied Minoxidil in a Mouse Model

research Simultaneous effects of tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) on local hair growth promotion and systemic absorption of topically applied minoxidil in a mouse model

18 citations , October 2005 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics”

This study found that incorporating 0.5% TPGS into topical minoxidil solutions enhanced hair growth in mice, although increasing TPGS to 2% decreased effectiveness.

research Hypertrichosis Induced by Minoxidil: A Case of Systemic Absorption from Scalp Occlusion

April 2025 in “American Journal of Case Reports”

This case report highlights that improper application techniques, such as scalp occlusion, can increase systemic absorption of minoxidil and lead to unwanted side effects like hypertrichosis.

research Systemic Absorption and Pharmacokinetics of Five Novel Topical Dermatologic Agents: A Review

December 2025 in “JEADV Clinical Practice”

This review reports that innovative topical treatments for dermatologic conditions like acne and atopic dermatitis show minimal systemic absorption, indicating improved safety and tolerability compared to traditional therapies.

research Topical absorption and systemic toxicity

19 citations , March 2011 in “Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology”

Some chemicals absorbed through the skin can cause serious health problems.

research Simultaneous effects of tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) on local hair growth promotion and systemic absorption of topically applied minoxidil in a mouse model.

January 2005 in “Belarusian State Pedagogical University repository (Belarusian State Pedagogical University)”

In this study, a 0.5% addition of TPGS to topical minoxidil solutions increased hair growth in mice, but higher concentrations reduced this benefit.

research Elevation of transaminases after MMP® session with methotrexate for alopecia areata treatment – how much do we know about the risks of systemic absorption of the technique?

6 citations , December 2022 in “Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”

research Topical use of systemic drugs in dermatology: A comprehensive review

19 citations , November 2011

This review discusses the topical use of systemic drugs for cutaneous disorders and reports a lack of strong evidence from randomized controlled trials, highlighting the need for larger comparative effectiveness studies.

Lack of Endocrine Systemic Side Effects After Topical Application of Spironolactone in Men

research Lack of endocrine systemic side effects after topical application of spironolactone in man

8 citations , April 1988 in “Journal of endocrinological investigation”

This study found that topically administered spironolactone in healthy volunteers resulted in no detectable systemic absorption or changes in related hormone levels over 72 hours, indicating local effect only.

Percutaneous Absorption of Minoxidil in Humans

research Percutaneous Absorption of Minoxidil in Man

52 citations , February 1985 in “Archives of Dermatology”

Minoxidil absorbs poorly through skin, with low risk of side effects at 1-2% concentration.

research The biology and clinical application of systemic glucocorticoids

5 citations , November 1992 in “Current problems in dermatology”

This review discusses the role of glucocorticoids in treating severe inflammatory disorders and highlights their potential adverse effects, recommending dosage management to minimize these risks; no new clinical results are reported.

research Cushing Syndrome from Percutaneous Absorption of 1% Hydrocortisone Ointment in Netherton Syndrome

42 citations , January 2007 in “Pediatric dermatology”

This report describes an 11-year-old boy with Netherton syndrome who developed Cushing syndrome after using low-potency hydrocortisone ointment extensively, highlighting caution with long-term topical treatments in such conditions.

research Liposomal systems as drug delivery vehicles for dermal and transdermal applications

151 citations , July 2011 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

This review discusses various strategies to enhance drug delivery through the skin barrier, highlighting liposomes as promising carriers for increased dermal concentrations in topical therapies, but reports no new research results.

research Potential of Nanoparticles as Permeation Enhancers and Targeted Delivery Options for Skin: Advantages and Disadvantages

130 citations , August 2020 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy”

This review discusses various nanoparticles used to enhance skin permeation and target delivery to skin organelles, but reports no new experimental results.

research Cutaneous Permeation and Penetration of Sunscreens: Formulation Strategies and In Vitro Methods

79 citations , December 2017 in “Cosmetics”

This review study focused on various in vitro methods to evaluate skin permeation and retention of sunscreens, highlighting the importance of assessing sunscreen penetration due to widespread nanomaterial usage and advancements in cosmetic formulation.

Preparation and Characterization of Dutasteride-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Coated with Stearic Acid-Chitosan Oligomer for Topical Delivery

research Preparation and characterization of dutasteride-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers coated with stearic acid-chitosan oligomer for topical delivery

47 citations , April 2017 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics”

This study found that dutasteride-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers coated with a stearic acid-chitosan oligomer are stable, less cytotoxic, and suitable for topical delivery to promote hair growth.

research Diffuse hypertrichosis during treatment with 5% topical minoxidil

44 citations , January 1997 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

In this study, five women with androgenetic alopecia experienced severe facial and limb hypertrichosis after using 5% topical minoxidil, which resolved after discontinuing the treatment.

research Intralesional steroids for alopecia areata

36 citations , January 2010 in “International Journal of Trichology”

Intralesional steroids can help regrow hair in some alopecia areata patients but have side effects.

research The use of liposomes in the topical application of steroids

33 citations , May 1984 in “Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology”

This study found that while systemic absorption of DHT from liposomes was negligible, the topical biological effect was weaker compared to DHT dissolved in acetone on the female hamster flank organ model.

Topical Formulations Containing Finasteride: In Vitro Permeation/Penetration Study and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics in Hairless Rat

research Topical Formulations Containing Finasteride. Part I: In Vitro Permeation/Penetration Study and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics in Hairless Rat

23 citations , June 2014 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences”

This study found that the HPCH-based formulation P-08–016 may facilitate finasteride deposition in the dermis, potentially offering an alternative to systemic therapy by minimizing systemic absorption.

research Emerging drugs for alopecia areata: JAK inhibitors

20 citations , January 2018 in “Expert opinion on emerging drugs”

This review discusses the potential of Janus Kinase inhibitors for treating alopecia areata and other forms of alopecia, highlighting the need for further research on their long-term safety and optimal formulation.

research Diffuse hypertrichosis during treatment with 5% topical minoxidil

18 citations , January 1997 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

In this study, five women with androgenetic alopecia developed severe hypertrichosis on the face and limbs after using 5% topical minoxidil, which resolved after discontinuing the treatment.

research Topical minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata.

18 citations , March 1984 in “BMJ”

Minoxidil helps hair regrowth in alopecia, but more research needed.

research Minoxidil induced hypertrichosis in a 2 year-old child

17 citations , October 2013 in “F1000Research”

This case report details a 2-year-old boy who developed generalized hypertrichosis after using 5% minoxidil foam for alopecia areata, highlighting the importance of caution and proper administration instructions for young children.

research Infantile generalized hypertrichosis caused by topical minoxidil

10 citations , February 2016 in “Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”

This case report describes a 5-year-old child in Brazil who developed generalized hypertrichosis after using topical minoxidil, suggesting caution when using it in children.

research Minoxidil-induced hypertrichosis: Pathophysiology, clinical implications, and therapeutic strategies

7 citations , August 2024 in “JAAD reviews.”

This review reports that low-dose oral minoxidil can cause hypertrichosis due to increased systemic absorption, and highlights the importance of patient-centered care to manage the psychosocial impacts of this side effect effectively.

Optimization of Lipid-Based Nanoformulation for Cutaneous Targeting: Niosomes as Potential Candidates

research Lipid-based nanoformulation optimization for achieving cutaneous targeting: Niosomes as the potential candidates to fulfill this aim

6 citations , May 2023 in “European journal of pharmaceutical sciences”

This study found that niosomes significantly enhanced the skin deposition of retinoic acid while reducing its permeation, outperforming other tested nanoformulations.

research Efficacy of Topical Finasteride 0.5% vs 17α-Estradiol 0.05% in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Retrospective, Single-Blind Study of 119 Patients

4 citations , April 2020 in “Dermatology practical & conceptual”

This study reported that among postmenopausal women with female pattern hair loss, treatment with topical finasteride 0.5% and minoxidil 2% was more effective at improving hair condition than treatment with topical 17α-estradiol 0.05% and minoxidil 2%, particularly notable at 12-18 months of follow-up.

research Minoxidil topical foam: A new kid on the block

4 citations , January 2009 in “International journal of trichology”

Minoxidil topical foam is a better, less irritating treatment for hair loss.

research Enhancing alopecia areata management: Nanocrystal-driven strategy for targeting hair follicles

3 citations , April 2025 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics”

Nanocrystals improve alopecia areata treatment by better targeting hair follicles.

research Blood pressure changes in patients after Minoxidil microinfusion to treat female pattern alopecia: analysis of a randomized, single blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial

1 citations , May 2025 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

This study found that microinfusion of 0.5% minoxidil in the scalp led to a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure, indicating systemic absorption, while the control group experienced a rise in systolic pressure possibly due to procedural pain.