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Glossary Sulfotransferase

enzyme that attaches sulfate groups to other molecules

Sulfotransferase is an enzyme that adds sulfate groups to molecules, a process known as sulfation. This modification can change the function or activity of the target molecules, which often include hormones, drugs, and proteins. In the context of hair biology, sulfotransferases can influence hair growth and health by modifying signaling molecules involved in these processes.

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research Sulfotransferases, sulfatases and formylglycine-generating enzymes: a sulfation fascination

83 citations , July 2008 in “Current Opinion in Chemical Biology”

This review discusses the structural and functional advances in understanding sulfotransferases and sulfatases, highlighting new insights into enzyme mechanisms and inactivation by clinically relevant aryl sulfamates, but provides no new experimental results.

research Sulfation of minoxidil by multiple human cytosolic sulfotransferases

59 citations , February 1998 in “Chemico-Biological Interactions”

This study found that at least four different human sulfotransferase activities contribute to the sulfation of minoxidil, complicating predictions of individual responses based on ST levels.

Sulphation Catalyzed by the Human Cytosolic Sulphotransferases: Chemical Defense or Molecular Terrorism?

research Sulphation catalysed by the human cytosolic sulphotransferases - chemical defence or molecular terrorism?

48 citations , July 1996 in “Human & Experimental Toxicology”

Human enzymes can detoxify harmful substances but might also increase their cancer risk.

research Sulfation of minoxidil by human platelet sulfotransferase

39 citations , November 1987 in “Clinica Chimica Acta”

Human platelets change minoxidil to minoxidil sulfate, helping blood vessels widen.

research Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Sulfated Benzenediol Lactones with a Phenolic Sulfotransferase from Fusarium graminearum PH-1

22 citations , December 2020 in “mSphere”

This study identified a fungal sulfotransferase enzyme, FgSULT1, from *Fusarium graminearum*, expanding the sulfotransferase superfamily and offering new biocatalytic methods for producing bioactive sulfates.

Sulfotransferase Activity in Plucked Hair Follicles Predicts Response to Topical Minoxidil in the Treatment of Female Androgenetic Alopecia

research Sulfotransferase activity in plucked hair follicles predicts response to topical minoxidil in the treatment of female androgenetic alopecia

20 citations , April 2014 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

This study reported that sulfotransferase activity in plucked hair follicles can predict treatment response to 5% topical minoxidil in women with androgenetic alopecia with high sensitivity and specificity.

Oral Minoxidil Bio-Activation by Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath Cell Sulfotransferase Enzymes Predicts Clinical Efficacy in Female Pattern Hair Loss

research Oral minoxidil bio‐activation by hair follicle outer root sheath cell sulfotransferase enzymes predicts clinical efficacy in female pattern hair loss

9 citations , August 2019 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Minoxidil activation by hair enzymes predicts treatment success for female hair loss.

Characterization of Follicular Minoxidil Sulfotransferase Activity in a Cohort of Pattern Hair Loss Patients from the Indian Subcontinent

research Characterization of follicular minoxidil sulfotransferase activity in a cohort of pattern hair loss patients from the Indian Subcontinent

8 citations , October 2018 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

In this study of Indian patients with pattern hair loss, 40.8% showed low sulfotransferase enzyme activity in hair follicles, with a higher prevalence of low activity in men compared to women.

Minoxidil Sulfotransferase Enzyme (SULT1A1) Genetic Variants Predict Response to Oral Minoxidil Treatment for Female Pattern Hair Loss

research Minoxidil Sulfotransferase Enzyme (SULT1A1) genetic variants predicts response to oral minoxidil treatment for female pattern hair loss

7 citations , June 2020 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

This article discusses the role of Minoxidil Sulfotransferase Enzyme (SULT1A1) genetic variants in predicting the response to oral minoxidil for treating female pattern hair loss, without presenting new research findings.

Sulfotransferase Activity in Plucked Hair Follicles Predicts Response to Topical Minoxidil Treatment in Brazilian Female Pattern Hair Loss Patients

research Sulfotransferase activity in plucked hair follicles predicts response to topical minoxidil treatment in Brazilian female pattern hair loss patients

4 citations , December 2019 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

Hair enzyme activity predicts minoxidil success in Brazilian women with hair loss.

research The effect of topical minoxidil treatment on follicular sulfotransferase enzymatic activity.

4 citations , May 2019 in “PubMed”

This study reported that the expression of sulfotransferase enzymes in hair follicles remained stable during treatment with topical minoxidil, indicating consistent metabolic activity throughout the treatment period.

Sulfotransferase SULT1A1 Activity in Hair Follicle: A Prognostic Marker of Response to Minoxidil Treatment in Androgenetic Alopecia

research Sulfotransferase SULT1A1 activity in hair follicle, a prognostic marker of response to the minoxidil treatment in patients with androgenetic alopecia: a review

November 2020 in “Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii”

This review discusses the potential of using SULT1A1 expression in the scalp as a biomarker to predict response to minoxidil treatment for androgenetic alopecia, but reports no new clinical results.

research Identification of the sulfotransferase iso-enzyme primarily responsible for the bio-activation of topical minoxidil.

2 citations , August 2019 in “PubMed”

This abstract reports that topical minoxidil is currently the only FDA-approved treatment for pattern hair loss in both men and women.

research Value of Sulfotransferase Enzyme Assay in Predicting Minoxidil Response in Patients with Androgenetic Alopecia

October 2024 in “QJM”

This study found that sulfotransferase enzyme levels significantly impact the effectiveness of minoxidil in treating androgenetic alopecia, suggesting that testing for this enzyme could help identify potential responders before treatment.

Comparison of Minoxidil Sulfotransferase Activity Between Scalp Hair, Eyebrows, and Eyelashes: Implication for Minoxidil Efficacy for Off-Label Use

research Comparison of minoxidil sulfotransferase activity between scalp hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes: Implication for minoxidil efficacy for off‐label use

April 2024 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology”

This study found that SULT1A1 enzyme activity, crucial for activating minoxidil, is significantly lower in eyebrow and eyelash follicles compared to scalp follicles, suggesting that additional sulfotransferase supplementation might enhance minoxidil-based hair growth treatments for these areas.

research Sulfation of minoxidil by liver sulfotransferase

66 citations , September 1982 in “Biochemical Pharmacology”

This study identified a sulfotransferase activity in rat liver that catalyzes the sulfation of minoxidil, contributing to its delayed hypotensive effects.

research Localization of Minoxidil Sulfotransferase in Rat Liver and the Outer Root Sheath of Anagen Pelage and Vibrissa Follicles

46 citations , January 1991 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Minoxidil works in liver and outer hair root sheath for hair growth.

research Food Deprivation-induced Expression of Minoxidil Sulfotransferase in the Hypothalamus Uncovered by Microarray Analysis

36 citations , March 2002 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Food deprivation increases MST enzyme in the brain, possibly affecting energy balance.

Cloning of the Human Phenol Sulfotransferase Gene Family: Three Genes Implicated in the Metabolism of Catecholamines, Thyroid Hormones, and Drugs

research Cloning of the human phenol sulfotransferase gene family: three genes implicated in the metabolism of catecholamines, thyroid hormones and drugs

26 citations , February 1998 in “Chemico-Biological Interactions”

This review discusses recent molecular biology advances in the human phenol sulfotransferase gene family and reports no new results; the authors highlight its relevance for studies of endogenous and xenobiotic metabolism.

research Tretinoin enhances minoxidil response in androgenetic alopecia patients by upregulating follicular sulfotransferase enzymes

8 citations , April 2019 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

This study found that applying topical tretinoin can influence follicular sulfotransferase expression, enabling 43% of predicted nonresponders to minoxidil to respond positively in the context of androgenetic alopecia.

Novel Topical Booster Enhances Follicular Sulfotransferase Activity in Patients with Androgenetic Alopecia: A New Strategy to Improve Minoxidil Response

research Novel topical booster enhances follicular sulfotransferase activity in patients with androgenetic alopecia: a new strategy to improve minoxidil response

3 citations , May 2020 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

This paper introduces a novel topical booster aimed at enhancing follicular sulfotransferase activity to potentially improve minoxidil response in patients with androgenetic alopecia but reports no new clinical results.

research Sulfation of minoxidil by human liver phenol sulfotransferase

68 citations , September 1990 in “Biochemical Pharmacology”

This study found that minoxidil is bioactivated through sulfation by the phenol-sulfating form of phenol sulfotransferase in human liver.

research SULT1A1 (Minoxidil Sulfotransferase) enzyme booster significantly improves response to topical minoxidil for hair regrowth

1 citations , June 2021 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

In this study, the addition of a SULT1A1 enzyme booster to daily 5% minoxidil treatment significantly increased hair regrowth in men with androgenic alopecia compared to minoxidil alone.

Minoxidil Sulfotransferase Enzymatical Activity in Plants: A Novel Paradigm in Increasing Minoxidil Response in Androgenetic Alopecia

research Minoxidil sulfotransferase enzymatical activity in plants: A novel paradigm in increasing minoxidil response in androgenetic alopecia

August 2023 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

This study characterized the activity of naturally occurring minoxidil sulfotransferase enzymes in various plants and found that seven out of ten botanical extracts showed significant activity, suggesting these could potentially enhance minoxidil response in treating androgenetic alopecia.

research Hair follicle sulfotransferase activity and effectiveness of oral minoxidil in androgenetic alopecia

1 citations , July 2024 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

This study found that 63.4% of androgenetic alopecia patients showed clinical improvement after 6 months of low-dose oral minoxidil, with patients having low sulfotransferase activity in hair follicles responding more favorably than those with high enzyme activity.

research Characterization of Recombinant Human Liver Thermolabile Phenol Sulfotransferase with Minoxidil as the Substrate

16 citations , May 1995 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

In this study, researchers found that both thermolabile and thermostable forms of phenol sulfotransferase contribute to the sulfation of minoxidil, emphasizing the need to consider both enzymes in assessing sulfation in human tissues.

research Characterization of recombinant human liver dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase with minoxidil as the substrate

13 citations , January 1997 in “Biochemical Pharmacology”

This study found that human liver dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase (DHEA ST) catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of minoxidil, indicating another pathway contributing to its metabolism in humans.

research Microneedling improves minoxidil response in androgenetic alopecia patients by upregulating follicular sulfotransferase enzymes.

2 citations , April 2020 in “PubMed”

Genetic Variation in CYP2B6, UGT1A4, and Sulfotransferases Is Associated with Disease-Free Survival in South African Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Tamoxifen

research Genetic Variation in CYP2B6, UGT1A4 and Sulfotransferases Is Associated with Disease-Free Survival in South African Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Tamoxifen

March 2026 in “Journal of Personalized Medicine”

In this study involving South African breast cancer patients, researchers identified certain genetic variations in cytochrome P450 and other enzymes potentially linked to differences in tamoxifen treatment outcomes, suggesting a need for more comprehensive pharmacogenomic studies to optimize therapy in African populations.

Simultaneous Effects of Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate on Local Hair Growth Promotion and Systemic Absorption of Topically Applied Minoxidil in a Mouse Model

research Simultaneous effects of tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) on local hair growth promotion and systemic absorption of topically applied minoxidil in a mouse model

18 citations , October 2005 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics”

This study found that incorporating 0.5% TPGS into topical minoxidil solutions enhanced hair growth in mice, although increasing TPGS to 2% decreased effectiveness.