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Metformin helps with menstrual cycles and insulin levels in PCOS but is less effective for hair growth, diabetes prevention, and weight loss, and may improve fertility and reduce diabetes risk.

Androgen receptor activity blocks Wnt/β-catenin signaling, affecting hair growth and skin cell balance.

The study identified and characterized new keratin genes linked to hair follicles and epithelial tissues.

Microspheres about 1.5 micrometers in size can best penetrate hair follicles, potentially reaching important stem cells.

TGase 3 helps build hair structure by forming strong bonds between proteins.

Thyroid diseases may contribute to autoimmune skin diseases, and more research is needed on their relationship.

Multimodal minoxidil microemulsion is more effective in treating hair loss than minoxidil alone.

Human skin acts like a hormone-producing organ, making and managing various hormones important for skin and hair health.

Animal models, especially mice, are essential for advancing hair loss research and treatment.

Combination therapy with oral contraceptives and spironolactone improves hair growth, menstrual issues, and acne in women with PCOS.

New methods to test hair growth treatments have been developed.

Men with more vanadium in their blood and who drink less soy milk are more likely to have hair loss.

The document concludes that hirsutism is the main sign for diagnosing hyperandrogenism, which requires a detailed patient history and physical exam.

Hormonal contraceptives can help treat acne by affecting sebum production and androgen levels.

Photodynamic Therapy is an effective treatment for mild to severe acne.

Pangolins have lost some skin-related genes, but kept others, showing complex skin evolution.

GPR39 is linked to certain cells in the sebaceous gland and helps with skin healing.

The current methods for diagnosing polycystic ovary syndrome are too vague and may lead to misdiagnosis and problems in research.

The combined treatments were highly effective for improving atrophic acne scars.

Acne in reproductive-age women may be linked to conditions like PCOS and lifestyle factors, so doctors should check for these when treating acne.

Acne affects most teenagers and can continue into adulthood, with various treatments available that show improvement but have concerns like antibiotic resistance and side effects.

Adult female acne treatment should be personalized, considering individual preferences and pregnancy, using various topical and oral medications while managing side effects and resistance.

Testosterone therapy can help women with androgen deficiency by improving energy, sex drive, and bone health with few side effects.

Epidermal stem cells help heal severe skin wounds and have potential for medical treatments.

Mirex seems to promote a unique group of skin cells different from those affected by another tumor promoter, TPA.

Notch signaling disruptions can cause various skin diseases.

Early treatment of PCOS in teens is crucial to prevent long-term health issues like diabetes and heart disease.

The document concludes that PCOS in adolescents is complex and requires comprehensive care to manage its symptoms and associated health risks.

Dermatologists should customize cosmetic treatments for dark-skinned patients to minimize risks and complications.