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The chapter explains the causes of excessive hair growth and masculinization in women and how to measure hormone levels related to these conditions.

Gynecologists should provide comprehensive care for transgender patients, including mental health evaluation, hormone therapy, and surgical options, while monitoring for side effects and ensuring patient safety.

Androgens like testosterone affect hair growth and oil production differently across body parts and individuals.

Male tissue has more cell death than female tissue after ischemia, and some neurosteroids only protect female cells.

Testosterone significantly affects urination differences between male and female mice.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a prohormone important for producing sex steroids and has potential health benefits.

Testosterone helps human pancreatic cells increase insulin release.

Changes in gut bacteria can contribute to the development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), affecting metabolism, immunity, and causing inflammation. Treatments may involve adjusting these factors.

Conditions affecting sex development show that sexual diversity is a natural part of human variation.

Vitamin D and estrogen may help protect heart and kidney health, and maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels could be especially beneficial for African Americans, postmenopausal women, and people with chronic kidney disease.

In Japan, sex reassignment surgery for gender identity disorder faces challenges and needs better medical support and education.

Metformin taken during pregnancy increases SHBG in newborns but doesn't change other hormone levels in mothers or babies.

Women with low SHBG levels and a high 3a-diol G to SHBG ratio are likely to experience female pattern baldness, possibly due to a slight excess of androgens affecting sensitive hair bulbs.

Testosterone therapy for postmenopausal women appears safe and may protect against heart disease, but requires constant monitoring and more research for long-term effects.

Arab hair is generally thicker but less dense compared to other ethnicities, affecting hair disorder diagnosis and treatment.

Estrogen helps prevent artery plaque by stopping monocyte capture in blood vessels.

Skin diseases linked to insulin resistance should be managed to prevent diabetes and reduce heart disease risk.

Women with excessive hair growth tend to have shorter index and ring fingers compared to others.

Sex and sex hormones can affect brain inflammation in Parkinson's disease, with male mice being more affected and female mice showing a protective effect.

Men and premenopausal women in Korea show different patterns in iron and vitamin D levels, with no clear pattern for postmenopausal women.

Women have unique stroke risks due to hormones, contraceptives, pregnancy, and menopause.

Sebaceous glands play a key role in skin health, immunity, and various skin diseases.

More research is needed to improve lower body gender affirmation techniques.

Older men with low levels of a testosterone byproduct had a higher chance of developing an irregular heartbeat.

Hair area varies with age and sex, but hair index and medullary index do not.

Hormone therapy may increase migraines in transgender women and decrease them in transgender men; more research is needed on migraine management in transgender individuals.

Human enzymes can detoxify harmful substances but might also increase their cancer risk.

Sex steroids affect the MafB gene differently in male and female hamsters.

Environmental factors at different levels control hair stem cell activity, which could lead to new hair growth and alopecia treatments.

Neuroactive steroids may affect the risk and treatment of alcohol use disorders.