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Glossary scales

small, plate-like structures covering skin or dry, flaky patches

Scales refer to the small, plate-like structures that cover the skin of certain animals, such as fish and reptiles, providing protection and reducing water loss. In the context of human biology and dermatology, scales can also describe the flaky, dry patches of skin that result from conditions like psoriasis or eczema, where the outer layer of skin cells accumulates and sheds abnormally.

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research Dermo‐epidermal interactions in reptilian scales: Speculations on the evolution of scales, feathers, and hairs

38 citations , July 2004 in “Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution”

This article discusses a hypothesis on the development and evolution of scales, hairs, and feathers from fish to amniotes, based on regions of dermo-epidermal interactions in skin, but reports no new findings.

research cDermo-1 misexpression induces dense dermis, feathers, and scales

29 citations , December 2004 in “Developmental biology”

In this study, forced expression of the transcription factor cDermo-1 in chicken dermis led to the formation of ectopic feather buds and enhanced feather growth, demonstrating its role in initiating skin appendage development.

research Beyond health-related quality of life: initial psychometric validation of a new scale for addressing the gap in assessing the full range of alopecia areata psychosocial burden

8 citations , June 2023 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study developed and initially validated the Scale of Alopecia Areata Distress (SAAD), a 41-item tool designed to measure psychosocial distress among US adults with alopecia areata.

research Scale Heights of Chemically Treated Wool and Hair Fibers

6 citations , March 1998 in “Textile Research Journal”

Chemical treatments can change the scale heights of wool and cashmere fibers, affecting their identification.

research Classification scale for male and female androgenetic alopecia.

6 citations , February 1996 in “Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics”

Scale created to measure hair loss in men and women; MK-386 reduces acne; Niaspan treats dyslipidemia; minoxidil increases heart rate.

research Scaled Quantum Chemical Studies of the Molecular Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Minoxidil

6 citations , August 2014 in “Spectroscopy Letters”

This study reported that the calculated and experimental electronic and vibrational properties of minoxidil were in good agreement, providing detailed insights into its molecular structure and thermal behaviors.

research Scale-Up of a Medicinal and Aromatic Plant-Based Shampoo Formulation: Physicochemical Quality, Microbiological Safety, and Stability Analyses

July 2026 in “Journal of Apitherapy and Nature”

This study evaluated a plant-based shampoo formulation's scale-up from laboratory to industrial production, reporting that the product maintained its quality, safety, and stability at each scale while meeting microbiological safety standards.

research Scale of Alopecia Areata Distress (SAAD‐41): Initial Validation Part 2—Scoring, Preliminary Reference Values and Validity

July 2026 in “JEADV Clinical Practice”

This study found that the SAAD-41 is a validated tool for assessing psychosocial outcomes in individuals with alopecia areata, showing strong correlations with established measures of quality of life and coping.

Scale-Up of a Medicinal and Aromatic Plant-Based Shampoo Formulation: Physicochemical Quality, Microbiological Safety, and Stability Analyses

research Scale-Up of a Medicinal and Aromatic Plant-Based Shampoo Formulation: Physicochemical Quality, Microbiological Safety, and Stability Analyses

May 2026 in “DergiPark (Istanbul University)”

In this study, researchers successfully scaled a plant-based shampoo formulation for dry and damaged hair from laboratory to industrial production, maintaining its physicochemical properties and microbiological safety throughout, highlighting the formulation's scalability and the importance of quality control in cosmetic manufacturing.

Large-Scale Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Suggests Shared Genetic Architecture for Different Diagnosis Criteria

research Large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome suggests shared genetic architecture for different diagnosis criteria

308 citations , December 2018 in “PLOS Genetics”

This study identified three novel genetic loci associated with PCOS and found similar genetic architecture across different diagnostic criteria, with evidence suggesting genetic links between PCOS and various metabolic and psychological traits.

research Reptile scale paradigm: Evo-Devo, pattern formation and regeneration

158 citations , January 2009 in “The International Journal of Developmental Biology”

This perspective highlights the potential of reptile integument as an experimental model to understand the evolution of amniote skin structures, but reports no new research findings.

research Large Scale Gene Expression Profiles of Regenerating Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia

77 citations , June 2007 in “PLoS ONE”

This study identified changes in transcription factor gene expression across various signaling pathways during inner ear hair cell regeneration in birds, revealing patterns and potential new pathways for future investigation.

research Production-scale fibronectin nanofibers promote wound closure and tissue repair in a dermal mouse model

68 citations , March 2018 in “Biomaterials”

This study found that fibronectin nanofiber dressings, made using rotary jet spinning, accelerated wound healing and improved tissue restoration in a full-thickness wound mouse model.

research Tissue-scale tensional homeostasis in skin regulates structure and physiological function

47 citations , October 2020 in “Communications Biology”

This study found that maintaining tension-force balance in a human skin equivalent improved characteristics of skin homeostasis and structure, suggesting potential as an alternative to animal models for studying skin physiology.

research Central scalp alopecia photographic scale in AfricanAmerican women

46 citations , July 2008 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

This study developed and evaluated a photographic scale to assess CCCA pattern and severity in African American women, finding it reproducible when used by investigators and participants.

research Large-scale cultivation of transplantable dermal papilla cellular aggregates using microfabricated PDMS arrays

25 citations , August 2010 in “Acta Biomaterialia”

This study achieved a first by successfully forming large quantities of dermal papilla spheroidal microtissues, which retained their hair induction potential, using a micropatterned culture system.

Industrial-Scale Processing of Activated Platelet-Rich Plasma from Specific Pathogen-Free Pigs and Its Effect on Promoting Human Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cell Cultivation

research Industrial-scale processing of activated platelet-rich plasma from specific pathogen-free pigs and its effect on promoting human hair follicle dermal papilla cell cultivation

7 citations , December 2016 in “Journal of The Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers”

This study found that porcine platelet-rich plasma can be a commercially viable replacement for fetal bovine serum with similar effectiveness in promoting human hair follicle cell growth.

research Investigation of the efficacy of fish scale collagen peptide on wound healing through various administration routes

6 citations , April 2025 in “Food Bioscience”

This study found that fish scale collagen peptide significantly promoted wound healing in mice, with the <1 kDa fractions enhancing collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation, suggesting potential clinical benefits.

research The Trichoscopy Derived Sinclair Scale: Enhancing visual assessment through quantitative trichoscopy

6 citations , December 2018 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

This study found a strong correlation between the Sinclair Scale and cumulative hair thickness density, allowing the estimation of the Sinclair Scale from trichoscopy-derived statistics.

Large-Scale Beard Extraction Enhances Cosmetic Results of Scalp Hair Restoration in Advanced Androgenetic Alopecia in East Asian Men: A Retrospective Study

research Large-Scale Beard Extraction Enhances the Cosmetic Results of Scalp Hair Restoration in Advanced Androgenetic Alopecia in East Asian Men: A Retrospective Study

5 citations , November 2019 in “Dermatology and therapy”

This review discusses the use of beard hair as a donor source for hair transplantation in hirsute patients and highlights the lack of extensive studies on its efficacy and safety in East Asian populations.

research Large-Scale Epitope Identification Screen and Its Potential Application to the Study of Alopecia Areata

2 citations , December 2017 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

This article discusses advancements and methodologies in epitope identification for autoimmune diseases, specifically alopecia areata, but does not report new experimental results.

research Multi-scale spatial mapping of cell populations across anatomical sites in healthy human skin and basal cell carcinoma

1 citations , August 2023 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study created a detailed spatial atlas of healthy human skin and basal cell carcinoma, revealing a potential hair follicle origin for basal cell carcinoma and expansion of certain mesenchymal cell populations.

research Molecular and Cellular Characterization of Avian Reticulate Scales Implies the Evo–Devo Novelty of Skin Appendages in Foot Sole

1 citations , July 2023 in “Journal of developmental biology”

In this study, researchers explored the molecular and cellular traits of avian reticulate scales, finding that they lack localized stem cell niches for regeneration, unlike other scale types, leading to repair but not regeneration after wounding.

research Large-Scale, Multicenter, Prospective Registry Study of Ripretinib in Advanced GIST: A Real-World Study from China

1 citations , June 2023 in “Advances in therapy”

In a real-world registry study, ripretinib showed effectiveness with a median progression-free survival of 7.70 months and a tolerable safety profile in Chinese patients using it as a fourth-line treatment for advanced GIST, particularly benefiting those with non-gastric tumors.

research Formulation and Examination of Organic Oil and Shampoo from Fish Scales

1 citations , December 2019 in “International journal of innovative technology and exploring engineering”

This study aimed to develop organic oil and shampoo using fish scales and herbs to potentially improve hair strength, growth, and moisture, addressing hair issues like thinning and greying.

Automated Classification of Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss Stages Using EfficientNet According to the Hamilton-Norwood and Ludwig Scale

research Automated Classification of Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss Stages Using EfficientNet According to the Hamilton-Norwood and Ludwig Scale

May 2026

EfficientNet improves accuracy in diagnosing hair loss stages.

research Large-Scale Plasma Proteomics and Genetic Integration Uncover Novel Biological Pathways in Male Pattern Baldness

February 2026 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

In this study, researchers identified 47 proteins associated with male pattern baldness severity and prioritized five candidate genes, including druggable CD38, suggesting new non-hormonal targets for therapeutic development.

Quantitative Evaluation of Carcinosin as an Individualized Remedy in Pediatric Alopecia Areata Using SALT Score and Ludwig Hair Loss Scales: A Case Report

research Quantitative evaluation of carcinosin as an individualized remedy in pediatric alopecia areata using salt score and ludwig hair loss scales: A case report

April 2025 in “International Journal of Homoeopathic Sciences”

This case report suggests that individualized homeopathic therapy with Carcinosin may benefit pediatric patients with alopecia areata by improving hair regrowth and psychological symptoms, as supported by standardized assessment tools.

research HairLossMultinet: A Multi Scale Feature Fusion Method Using Deep Learning Approach

January 2025 in “Communications in computer and information science”

HairLossMultinet accurately classifies hair damage with 98% accuracy but needs a more diverse dataset for broader use.

research Large-Scale Preparation of Hair Follicle Germs Using a Microfluidic Device

January 2024 in “ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering”

In this study, researchers developed a microfluidics-based method to generate hair follicle germs on a large scale for potential hair regeneration therapies, demonstrating efficient hair follicle regeneration following transplantation into mice.