5 citations
,
February 2019 in “BioMed Research International” This study found that 32.5% of reproductive-age women in Sichuan, China, had acne, with significant associations between acne and conditions such as PCOS and hyperandrogenism.
16 citations
,
January 2017 in “Asian journal of andrology/Asian Journal of Andrology” This study found that older age at puberty may be associated with lower semen quality and altered reproductive hormone levels in young men, though only some results were statistically significant.
September 2021 in “Fertility and Sterility” This study found that older men in North America had longer infertility durations and were more likely to have partners who underwent IVF, with age impacting referral patterns and substance use behaviors.
This study evaluated machine-learning models to predict PCOS among reproductive-aged women in Bangladesh, finding that the XGBoost model achieved high accuracy (99.63%) and effectiveness, particularly when prioritizing clinical features over psychological ones in the predictive process.
16 citations
,
April 2012 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” This study found that older women with polycystic ovarian syndrome are more likely to experience metabolic syndrome and have different metabolic and reproductive profiles than younger women.
4 citations
,
May 2019 in “Reproductive Endocrinology” This article reviews the causes and diagnosis of hyperandrogenism, highlighting its impact on female fertility and the metabolic risks associated with PCOS, but it provides no new clinical results.
November 2021 in “Permskij medicinskij žurnal” This study found that women with menstrual dysfunction showed higher rates of magnesium, iron, and vitamin D deficiencies compared to women with normal menstrual function.
October 2011 in “InTech eBooks” This article reviews idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), discussing its genetic and pathophysiological features, and it does not present new clinical results.
2 citations
,
April 2021 in “Reproductive health of woman” This study found that among women with PCOS, the most common clinical symptoms were menstrual dysfunction, infertility, acne, and hirsutism, with the non-androgenic phenotype being the most frequently identified.
January 2026 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This systematic review reports that HAIR-AN syndrome, characterized by severe insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and distinctive skin issues, significantly impacts obese women and can improve with treatments like metformin, emphasizing the importance of targeted management to reduce metabolic complications.
April 2025 in “Indus journal of bioscience research.” This study observed that among patients with PCOS, hirsutism was present in 75.63%, acne in 65%, and other skin conditions such as female pattern hair loss, acanthosis nigricans, and seborrhea in varying proportions, highlighting the dermatological impact of PCOS on patients' quality of life.
37 citations
,
August 2012 in “European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology” In this study, a modified Ferriman-Galwey score greater than 4 was found to be effective for diagnosing hirsutism in Asian women, highlighting key areas such as the upper lip, thighs, and lower abdomen.
18 citations
,
March 2014 in “Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology” This review discusses metformin's use in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, focusing on benefits during pre-conception and pregnancy, but reports no new clinical results.
4 citations
,
March 2024 in “Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism” In this review, researchers highlight that interval training may offer superior cardiometabolic benefits for reproductive-aged females at different life stages compared to continuous exercise, but further research is needed to validate physical activity recommendations for this group.
1 citations
,
December 2017 in “Acta biomedica scientifica” This study observed that 30% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome had androgenic alopecia, suggesting it is a prevalent but unreliable marker of hyperandrogenism.
1 citations
,
January 2000 in “PubMed” The treatment slightly increased hair growth and was safe for most women.
April 2026 in “The Journal of Urology” In this large retrospective study, low-dose finasteride for androgenetic alopecia was associated with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction at one and three years among men aged 18-45.
September 2025 in “International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences” This study found that women aged 21-26 with PCOS showed significant differences in biochemical and hormonal profiles, such as blood sugar and hormone levels, compared to healthy individuals, suggesting an increased incidence of PCOS in this age group.
July 2025 in “Clinical Endocrinology” This study of Indian women aged 18-40 observed that oligo-anovulation and clinical hyperandrogenism were prevalent, found in 21.5% and 21% of participants respectively, with biochemical hyperandrogenism and subclinical hypothyroidism also noted as common endocrine dysfunctions.
February 2024 in “Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology” This study found no significant differences in fat distribution between Thai women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome, though PCOS women with abnormal glucose tolerance showed higher arm fat.
November 2023 in “Curēus” This study, conducted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, found that women with PCOS who consumed diets high in carbohydrates, fats, and refined sugars had a significant prevalence of obesity and struggled with weight loss, with fast food consumption notably associated with facial acne.
August 2023 in “International journal of reproduction, contraception, obstetrics and gynecology” In this study, PCOS was found to be highly prevalent among urban, middle socioeconomic status women aged 21 to 30, with common symptoms including oligomenorrhea, weight gain, infertility, hirsutism, and acne.
December 2020 in “Asian Biomedicine” This study found that the prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology among Thai women with PCOS was 55.2%, with no significant factors associated with its presence in univariate analysis.
16 citations
,
December 2010 in “European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology” This study determined that the upper normal cut-off levels for free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and total testosterone among reproductive-age women in China are 26 pmol/L, 4.92 μmol/L, and 2.39 nmol/L, respectively.
8 citations
,
October 2010 in “Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation” This study found that normal ALT levels in women of reproductive age are linked with metabolic and androgenic abnormalities, suggesting ALT could be used beyond liver disease diagnoses.
August 2023 in “International journal of reproduction, contraception, obstetrics and gynecology” This study found that combining letrozole with metformin was more effective at inducing pregnancy in women with PCOS compared to letrozole alone, while OCP and metformin significantly improved menstrual regularity and reduced hyperandrogenic symptoms.
January 2025 in “Human Reproduction Open” 
20 citations
,
June 2010 in “International Journal of Dermatology” In this study, acne and hirsutism in women were associated with a higher prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome compared to those without these conditions.
11 citations
,
January 2012 in “International Journal of Endocrinology” In this study, the prevalence of insulin resistance in reproductive-aged Thai women with polycystic ovary syndrome was found to be 20%, with age, waist circumference, acanthosis nigricans, and dyslipidemia as significant predictors.
7 citations
,
April 2011 in “American journal of obstetrics and gynecology” This case report highlights the importance of considering exogenous androgen exposure, such as transdermal testosterone cream used by a partner, in the diagnosis of virilization among women.