78 citations
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November 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility” Amenorrhea is relatively rare and initial testing should check FSH, TSH, and prolactin levels.
46 citations
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July 1974 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” In this study, women with hirsutism and amenorrhea showed lower serum estradiol and sex hormone binding globulin concentrations but higher levels of unbound testosterone compared to normal individuals.
30 citations
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July 2004 in “Fertility and Sterility” Amenorrhea is when a woman doesn't have periods, with primary amenorrhea starting by age 15 or within five years of breast development, and secondary amenorrhea when periods stop for three months. It affects 3-4% of women not pregnant, breastfeeding, or in menopause, mainly due to polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and ovarian failure.
21 citations
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September 2004 in “Fertility and Sterility” Amenorrhea, or the absence of periods, should be evaluated by age 15 or within five years of early breast development, and is most commonly caused by conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic amenorrhea.
May 2026 in “Journal of Functional Foods” In this study of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, 12 weeks of daily ginger supplementation significantly reduced total testosterone and improved menstrual irregularities compared to placebo, suggesting potential as a natural therapeutic approach, although larger studies are needed.