The Role of Hormonal Imbalances in Amenorrhea

Amenorrhea, defined as the absence of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age, is classified into primary and secondary types, with primary occurring when menstruation has not started by age 16 (with normal secondary sexual characteristics) or by age 14 (without signs of puberty), and secondary characterized by the cessation of menstruation for at least three cycles or six months in women who previously had regular periods. The condition's causes are varied, including hormonal imbalances such as those seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hypothalamic amenorrhea, structural issues like Asherman’s syndrome, as well as lifestyle factors like excessive exercise, stress, and eating disorders. Diagnosis involves hormonal assays, imaging, and sometimes biopsy, while treatment may include hormone therapy, lifestyle changes, surgery, and psychosocial support, tailored to the specific cause of amenorrhea.