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This article discusses various causes of rickets in children and describes VDDR-2A as a type of refractory rickets often linked to alopecia totalis in infancy, but reports no new clinical findings.

This study found that topical cyclosporin-A may lead to moderate recovery in patients with severe or refractory alopecia areata, particularly in focal type cases.

This study found that escalating baricitinib to 6 mg daily improved hair loss in 75% of patients with severe refractory alopecia areata who responded poorly to standard treatments, while also noting manageable short-term safety concerns under close monitoring.

This literature review found that Janus kinase inhibitors may help achieve remission in patients with refractory primary neutrophilic cicatricial alopecias, though data is limited to small case series and reports.

This integrative literature review found that hydroxychloroquine may stabilize inflammatory scarring autoimmune alopecias like frontal fibrosing alopecia, especially when combined with other therapies, while its effectiveness in non-scarring alopecias appears inconsistent and is limited to refractory cases.

In this multi-center, retrospective cohort study, researchers found that tofacitinib significantly reduced SALT scores and improved eyebrow and eyelash regrowth in patients with refractory alopecia areata after 12 weeks, with greater efficacy observed in severe cases and consistent results across pediatric and adult populations.

In this case study, treatment with the selective JAK1 inhibitor upadacitinib significantly improved symptoms in a patient with refractory alopecia areata, vitiligo, ankylosing spondylitis, and allergic asthma-nasal syndrome, though a transient liver function abnormality was noted.

In this case report, a 26-year-old man with alopecia universalis, resistant to multiple standard treatments, achieved complete and sustained hair regrowth with ruxolitinib, highlighting its potential as a promising option for patients with refractory AU.

In a proof-of-concept study at Xiangya Hospital, the researchers observed that combining tofacitinib with low-dose interleukin-2 helped maintain remission in refractory alopecia areata patients, with three out of four maintaining complete remission for 11–20 months post-treatment and no adverse events reported.

This case report details the successful use of oral tofacitinib for six months, which led to significant hair regrowth in an adult male Indian patient with extensive and refractory alopecia areata, highlighting tofacitinib's potential in managing resistant cases within this population.

This case report highlights significant improvement in a patient with severe alopecia areata who responded well to ivarmacitinib after a suboptimal response to another JAK inhibitor, tofacitinib, suggesting ivarmacitinib as a potential alternative for tofacitinib-refractory cases.

In this case study, a 14-year-old male with treatment-resistant diffuse alopecia areata experienced complete hair regrowth after three monthly sessions of microneedling combined with triamcinolone, dutasteride, and synthetic exosomes, suggesting this therapy might enhance outcomes in refractory cases.

This study reports a case where a biologic medication used for atopic dermatitis unexpectedly also treated concurrent alopecia areata.

This case report observed marked hair regrowth in a patient with refractory alopecia areata using a combination of platelet-rich plasma, low-level light therapy, and microneedling alongside topical and oral agents.

This study reported that some pediatric patients with alopecia areata experienced hair regrowth with dupilumab treatment, particularly those with concomitant atopic dermatitis, suggesting dupilumab may be beneficial when traditional therapies fail.

This study reports a case of a 59-year-old female with refractory follicular mucinosis and diffuse scalp alopecia who achieved complete clinical remission following treatment with a combination of topical tacalcitol and photodynamic therapy.

This study found that oral cyclosporine combination therapy led to new hair growth in 71% of patients with severe and refractory alopecia areata, though mild and transient side effects were common.

In this case series, low-dose oral metformin was associated with improvements in symptoms and gene expression changes in Black female patients with treatment-resistant central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for metformin in managing this condition.

In this case study, a patient with refractory oral lichen planus experienced marked improvement within one month of daily treatment with baricitinib, contributing to the evidence supporting the use of JAK inhibitors for lichen planus.

This study retrospectively evaluated the effectiveness of off-label baricitinib in children with severe alopecia areata and found that 50% achieved treatment goals, though psychological effects were noted and laboratory abnormalities occurred in 42.86% of patients.

In this case report, the researchers described the use of tofacitinib in treating a 14-year-old boy from India with severe alopecia areata, achieving complete hair regrowth within 2 months without serious adverse events, highlighting tofacitinib's potential benefits and safety in adolescent cases.

This study reviews the efficacy and safety of advanced therapies like TNFα inhibitors and IL-17/IL-23 inhibitors for dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, finding TNFα inhibitors particularly effective for severe or refractory cases, although prospective validation is needed for early intervention benefits.

In this case report, a 31-year-old male with refractory sycosis barbae achieved complete remission after 4 months of treatment with bimekizumab, suggesting this dual inhibitor of interleukin-17A and IL-17F may be a promising therapy for this condition.

This case report described a patient with erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp who was resistant to multiple treatments, suggesting that combination therapy may be more effective than monotherapy for managing refractory cases of this condition.

This case report documented a 74-year-old female with alopecic patches and other skin issues during talquetamab therapy for multiple myeloma, suggesting that the drug may cause skin-related adverse effects due to reactivity to GPRC5D-expressing structures.

Laser hair removal can be an effective last-resort treatment for men with stubborn Alopecia Areata who want to be uniformly bald.

This study found that tofacitinib was safe and effective for patients with severe or treatment-resistant alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis, resulting in significant hair regrowth for most participants.

This review examines topical immunotherapy for severe alopecia areata, noting that diphencyprone and squaric acid dibutylester are non-mutagenic options with similar efficacy but different practical considerations, and reports no new clinical results.

This study found that thalidomide increased peripheral lymphocyte counts and reduced inflammation in lupus erythematosus patients, but was associated with polyneuropathy, suggesting careful use in refractory cases.

This review discusses the evidence supporting Janus kinase inhibitors for alopecia areata and highlights ongoing optimism as phase 3 trials begin, with no new clinical results reported.