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This study found that elevated tissue RBP4 levels correlate with disease severity in alopecia areata and decrease after effective baricitinib treatment, while the rs3758539 polymorphism is linked to disease susceptibility but not to treatment response.

This study describes dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS) as a rare and aggressive form of chronic scalp inflammation presenting with pustules and nodules, commonly affecting males and African Americans, and leading to significant quality of life impacts and psychological distress.

This study analyzed the economic burden of alopecia areata in Saudi Arabia, finding significant costs driven by productivity loss and drug expenses, with severe cases incurring higher expenses, emphasizing the need for better treatment protocols and access to therapies.

This case series reports successful treatment of refractory folliculitis decalvans using surgical excision with second-intention healing and guarded high-tension suturing, resulting in long-term remission without recurrence over a 10–24 month follow-up period.

Oral tofacitinib may be an effective and tolerable treatment for some people with severe alopecia areata.

In this case report, an 8-year-old Spitz dog with refractory dermatophytosis showed significant clinical improvement after switching to posaconazole, chosen based on antifungal susceptibility testing, offering a promising treatment option for dogs unresponsive to standard antifungal therapies.

In this study, a case of a Spitz dog with refractory dermatophytosis demonstrated marked clinical improvement and complete cure with Posaconazole, highlighting the potential of antifungal susceptibility testing to guide effective treatment in persistent infections unresponsive to standard therapies.

This study found that while 51.3% of severe alopecia areata patients achieved significant hair regrowth with intravenous methylprednisolone, oral Janus kinase inhibitors may benefit those who do not respond to this treatment.

This article reviews the use of alitretinoin for corticosteroid-refractory chronic hand eczema and explores its potential therapeutic benefits in other skin conditions, but reports no clinical results.

This article reviews the pathogenesis, complications, and management of lichen planus, especially its persistent oral form, and highlights the need for further prospective studies.

In this retrospective study of adolescents with recalcitrant cutaneous lupus, lenalidomide treatment resulted in complete or near resolution of skin symptoms within 6 months, while allowing for a reduction in prednisone dosage.

This study suggests that vitamin A may inhibit hair follicle stem cells during refractory telogen in a dose-dependent manner, based on retinyl ester levels and vitamin A metabolism protein localization in mice.

In this study, modern radiation therapy techniques rapidly alleviated pain and improved symptoms in patients with severe dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, with no long-term toxicity observed.

In this study, the safety profile of the prodrug CAP7.1 was found to be similar to other topoisomerase inhibitors, with myelosuppression as the main dose-limiting toxicity.

This consensus concluded that oral isotretinoin is highly effective for treating acne and some off-label conditions, with common adverse events being manageable and rare serious risks not contraindicating use.

This case study reports that a 3 ½ year-old male with vitamin D-dependent type II rickets showed partial improvement in alopecia and rickets when treated with high doses of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3.

In this case report, a 48-year-old woman with refractory discoid lupus erythematosus showed significant improvement, including hair regrowth, after treatment with deucravacitinib, suggesting its potential as an effective therapy for this condition.

This case study observed that a patient with multiple refractory inflammatory conditions, including psoriasis, alopecia areata, and psoriatic arthritis, experienced significant improvements after three months of treatment with upadacitinib. The report suggests potential benefits of upadacitinib for similar conditions, recommending further clinical trials.

In this case study, a 14-year-old boy with treatment-resistant diffuse alopecia areata achieved complete hair regrowth following three monthly sessions of microneedling combined with injections of triamcinolone, dutasteride, and synthetic exosomes, suggesting that exosome-based therapy could be a promising alternative for managing refractory autoimmune alopecia.

In this study, treating refractory alopecia universalis with low-dose cyclosporine A and prednisolone improved symptoms, with no recurring alopecia six months post-treatment and enhancements in immunologic function.

In this study, a solitary patch of significant hair regrowth was observed in a patient with refractory alopecia universalis under the site of a smartwatch emitting green, red, and infrared light, supporting photobiomodulation as a potential treatment for alopecia areata.

This study reports on a 14-year-old male with refractory diffuse alopecia areata who achieved full hair density restoration after three monthly sessions of microneedling combined with triamcinolone, dutasteride, and synthetic exosome treatment, highlighting exosomes' potential for enhancing traditional therapies in autoimmune hair loss cases.

This case study highlights that breast cancer may present as alopecia refractory to usual treatments, indicating the need for consideration of underlying malignancy in such cases.

In this study, researchers retrospectively analyzed five children with extensive and refractory alopecia areata treated with mesalazine, observing complete hair regrowth in all patients without side effects, suggesting potential benefits of this treatment combination, though controlled studies are needed for confirmation.

In this study, 71% of patients with severe and refractory alopecia areata showed new hair growth after treatment with cyclosporine combination therapy, though side effects were common but generally mild.

In this study, seven patients with refractory alopecia areata treated with concentrated growth factor and microneedling-assisted betamethasone experienced significant hair regrowth, with one achieving over 50% regrowth and six showing complete recovery, without adverse effects.

This study is the first to report that apremilast may be effective in treating refractory lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia, though some patients experienced adverse effects leading to discontinuation.

This study reports that anifrolumab showed promising improvement in a case of refractory discoid lupus erythematosus, specifically enhancing skin lesions and promoting hair regrowth, suggesting potential as an effective therapy for severe cases.

This study suggests that Janus kinase inhibitors may offer a potential treatment option for refractory lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia, showing positive response rates between 42% and 100%, though evidence quality is low.