In this study, the researchers observed that antiandrogen treatment with Cyproterone acetate led to atrophy of pilo-sebaceous units and may activate Langerhans cells, contributing to local inflammation.
30 citations
,
April 2018 in “Experimental Dermatology” This review discusses the historical development and current challenges in in vitro hair follicle culture, highlighting a need for advanced models using cell lines and tissue engineering, and reports no new results.
2 citations
,
November 2003 in “Humana Press eBooks” This article explains the significance of culturing the pilosebaceous unit for studying related diseases and skin epithelial stem cells, but it reports no new findings.
February 2024 in “Australasian journal of dermatology” This study found that in atrophic acne scars, inflammation infiltrates the pilosebaceous unit over time, affecting resident stem cells and hindering the normal regeneration of the epidermis and adnexal structures, leading to scarring.
January 2003 in “Elsevier eBooks” Androgens and other hormones affect hair growth and skin conditions like acne.
130 citations
,
June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” This study found that estrogen receptor beta, not alpha, is the main mediator of estrogen action in human skin and hair follicles, suggesting a distinct role in these tissues.
97 citations
,
March 2009 in “Dermato-endocrinology” This review explores the role of hormones in pilosebaceous units and associated skin disorders, focusing on androgen action, without presenting new clinical findings.
56 citations
,
August 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” This review discusses the complex interaction between androgens and hair follicle biology, highlighting the need for a better understanding to improve hirsutism treatments, but reports no new results.
37 citations
,
April 1977 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology” This study found that specific histologic features in skin biopsies can help support a diagnosis of traumatic alopecia (trichotillomania), but not all markers are distinct to the condition.
34 citations
,
March 2004 in “Journal of Liposome Research” This study found that neutral liposomes were most effective at delivering minoxidil into pilosebaceous units compared to other tested formulations.
21 citations
,
May 2001 in “PubMed” This paper reviews the significance of androgen hormones in hair and skin conditions like alopecia, hirsutism, and acne, and reports no new clinical findings.
17 citations
,
June 1997 in “Baillière's clinical obstetrics and gynaecology” This review explores recent findings on the regulation of the pilosebaceous unit and reports no new clinical results, emphasizing the emerging understanding of growth factors and steroid hormones in hair growth processes.
10 citations
,
June 2018 in “Aaps Pharmscitech” The flutamide-loaded hydrogel is a promising, skin-friendly treatment for acne and hair loss, potentially requiring less frequent application.
9 citations
,
September 2013 in “Journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry/The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry” In this study, researchers found that the matriptase-HGF-c-MET pathway may be activated in proliferative cells of human hair follicles and sebaceous glands, suggesting a potential role in hair growth regulation.
9 citations
,
January 2008 in “Acta histochemica et cytochemica” This study found that COX-2 expression in normal rat skin is linked to the hair cycle, with varying levels observed in different skin structures during anagen, catagen, and telogen phases.
7 citations
,
October 2017 in “Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology” This research observed that finasteride-loaded ethosomes showed improved permeation across rat skin and human cadaver scalp skin compared to unencapsulated finasteride, potentially enhancing delivery to hair follicle units.
7 citations
,
January 1992 in “Acta Histochemica” This study found that the distribution of carbohydrates and proteins in porcine hair follicles and sebaceous glands showed minor differences compared to humans.
7 citations
,
September 1980 in “Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society” This study observed that dermal dendritic cells migrate to the epidermis in mouse tail and back skin, correlating with changes in epidermal physiology like ortho- and parakeratosis.
4 citations
,
September 1993 in “Steroids” This paper details a method for measuring testosterone metabolism into seven androgens using digital autoradiography, which offers high sensitivity and reduces the need for radioactive materials.
September 2026 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” This study mapped the development of the human pilosebaceous unit in prenatal scalp skin using multi-modal analysis, finding that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions guide cellular fate and validated tissue-patterning through a hair-bearing skin organoid model.
February 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that specific junctional proteins are significantly downregulated in balding regions of the scalp in men with androgenetic alopecia, suggesting disrupted cell communication may play a role in hair loss.
60 citations
,
March 2011 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America” This study found that RANK-RANKL signaling regulates hair renewal and epidermal homeostasis in mice, revealing its role in initiating hair growth cycles and maintaining skin cell activity.
48 citations
,
August 2018 in “Nature Communications” This study found that JunB, a transcription factor, is crucial for maintaining epidermal-pilosebaceous stem cell homeostasis by regulating progenitor cell behavior and preventing sebaceous gland dysfunction.
14 citations
,
December 2018 in “The American journal of pathology” This study found that genetic activation of Nrf2 in keratinocytes accelerates wound repair by enhancing cell proliferation and re-epithelialization, suggesting potential use for Nrf2-activating compounds in individuals with impaired healing.
March 2021 in “Bioscientia medicina” This paper discusses the role of androgen hormones in regulating sebum production and hair growth via androgen receptors in the pilosebaceous unit, but reports no new findings.
June 2015 in “The American journal of dermatopathology/American journal of dermatopathology” This study demonstrated that a 1-step, peroxidase-labeled conjugated antibody method provides more accurate immunoreactivity patterns in hair follicle substructures compared to the 2-step LSAB method, which may cause false-positive staining in sebaceous glands.
November 1993 in “PubMed” This article reviews the role of androgens in skin metabolism and diseases like acne and androgenic alopecia, but reports no new clinical results; the authors note unresolved issues regarding androgen interactions in skin structures.
6 citations
,
March 1976 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” 
April 2005 in “CRC Press eBooks” Excessive androgens in women with polycystic ovary syndrome can lead to excessive hair growth and hair loss, but this might not fully explain these conditions.
4 citations
,
October 2013 in “Clinics in Dermatology” This article discusses three controversial hair growth disorders but reports no new research findings; it explores alopecia areata incognita, pseudopelade of Brocq, and psoriasis-linked alopecia.