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Glossary p21

protein that inhibits cell cycle progression for DNA repair

p21 is a protein that acts as a regulator of the cell cycle. It is known for its role in inhibiting the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are crucial for cell division. By doing so, p21 can halt the cell cycle, allowing for DNA repair or triggering cell death if the damage is irreparable. This function is particularly important in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells, which can lead to cancer.

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research OCT4 maintains self-renewal and reverses senescence in human hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells through the downregulation of p21 by DNA methyltransferases

57 citations , January 2019 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

OCT4 helps hair stem cells renew and fight aging, potentially aiding hair regrowth.

Transient Mitochondrial DNA Double Strand Breaks in Mice Cause Accelerated Aging Phenotypes in a ROS-Dependent but p53/p21-Independent Manner

research Transient mitochondrial DNA double strand breaks in mice cause accelerated aging phenotypes in a ROS-dependent but p53/p21-independent manner

42 citations , December 2016 in “Cell Death & Differentiation”

This study found that transient mtDNA double strand breaks in mice accelerated aging in certain tissues through increased reactive oxygen species, independent of p21/p53 pathway mediation.

Hair Growth Promoting and Anticancer Effects of p21-Activated Kinase 1 (PAK1) Inhibitors Isolated from Different Parts of Alpinia Zerumbet

research Hair Growth Promoting and Anticancer Effects of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) Inhibitors Isolated from Different Parts of Alpinia zerumbet

13 citations , January 2017 in “Molecules”

This study reported that compounds isolated from Alpinia zerumbet significantly promoted hair cell growth and exhibited anticancer activity in cell cultures, suggesting potential as treatments for alopecia and cancer.

research Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1, are expressed site- and hair cycle-dependently in rat hair follicles

9 citations , February 2001 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study found that the expressions of CDK inhibitors p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1 were higher during the anagen phase compared to telogen, suggesting a role in follicular epithelial cell differentiation.

research HIF‐2α/ARNT complex regulates hair development via induction of p21 ^Waf1/Cip1 and p27 ^Kip1

4 citations , March 2014 in “The FASEB Journal”

This study observed that deleting ARNT in keratinocytes of mice reduced zigzag hair production and altered hair follicle differentiation, likely by affecting the expression of specific cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.

P21Waf1/Cip1 Is Differentially Expressed in Epidermal Versus Follicular Melanocytes and Melanoma Cells and Is Phenotypically Regulated by UVB-Mediated Apoptosis

research 1272 p21Waf1/Cip1 is differentially expressed in epidermal versus follicular melanocytes and melanoma cells and is phenotypically regulated by UVB-mediated apoptosis

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that p21 is much more highly expressed in normal melanocytes compared to melanoma cells, suggesting a potential target for preventing melanoma progression through cell cycle repair processes.

research p63 Regulates Human Keratinocyte Proliferation via MYC-regulated Gene Network and Differentiation Commitment through Cell Adhesion-related Gene Network

82 citations , December 2011 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study discovered that a network controlled by the gene p63 is crucial for keratinocyte differentiation and is linked to MYC through cell adhesion-related pathways.

research PAK4 signaling in health and disease: defining the PAK4–CREB axis

81 citations , February 2019 in “Experimental & Molecular Medicine”

This review examines PAK4 signaling pathways in prostate cancer, Parkinson's disease, and melanogenesis, focusing on the potential role of the PAK4-CREB axis, without reporting new clinical results.

research Clock genes, hair growth and aging

55 citations , March 2010 in “Aging”

This study found that circadian clock genes are involved in regulating the hair growth cycle, suggesting a connection between daily rhythms and the longer hair follicle cycling process.

Characterization of Cell Cycle Arrest and Terminal Differentiation in a Maximally Proliferative Human Epithelial Tissue: Lessons from the Human Hair Follicle Matrix

research Characterisation of cell cycle arrest and terminal differentiation in a maximally proliferative human epithelial tissue: Lessons from the human hair follicle matrix

30 citations , April 2017 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

This study observed that CIP/KIP proteins play a significant role in regulating cell cycle arrest and differentiation in human hair follicles, supporting hair growth and formation in the anagen phase.

research Beneficial Effects of Astragaloside IV for Hair Loss via Inhibition of Fas/Fas L-Mediated Apoptotic Signaling

29 citations , March 2014 in “PloS one”

In this study, Astragaloside IV was found to inhibit apoptosis-related pathways in hair follicles of mice, suggesting it may serve as an alternative therapy for hair loss.

research Cell Cycle Regulation and Regeneration

27 citations , January 2012 in “Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology”

This study found similarities in the regeneration processes of MRL mouse ears and axolotl limbs, involving G2 cell cycle arrest and nerve-dependent mitosis, but the role of p21 in axolotl limb regeneration remains uncertain.

research Nuclear Factor I-C Regulates TGF-β-dependent Hair Follicle Cycling*

25 citations , August 2010 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study found that NFI-C plays a crucial role in the transition from the telogen to anagen phase of the hair follicle cycle, affecting hair growth initiation in mice.

research Effects of Short-Term Finasteride on Apoptotic Factors and Androgen Receptors in Prostate Cancer Cells

25 citations , December 2008 in “The Journal of Urology”

In this study, short-term finasteride treatment reduced apoptotic factors caspase-7 and IGFBP-3 in prostate cancer cells but did not significantly affect androgen receptor expression compared to placebo.

research Pgc-1α controls epidermal stem cell fate and skin repair by sustaining NAD+ homeostasis during aging

22 citations , August 2022 in “Molecular Metabolism”

This study identified a crucial role for epidermal Pgc-1α in regulating NAD+ signaling and influencing skin repair, with its dysfunction contributing to age-related wound healing defects.

research Epimorphic regeneration in mice is p53-independent

20 citations , September 2010 in “Cell Cycle”

This study reports that in MRL mice, loss of p53 does not impair ear regeneration, suggesting p21's potential role in this process may involve the Tgfb/Smad pathway.

research Accelerated senescence in skin in a murine model of radiation-induced multi-organ injury

19 citations , February 2017 in “Journal of radiation research”

This study found that high-dose radiation can induce accelerated cellular senescence, inflammation, and loss of epithelial stem cells in mouse and human skin, contributing to radiation dermatitis.

research WIF1 Is Expressed by Stem Cells of the Human Interfollicular Epidermis and Acts to Suppress Keratinocyte Proliferation

18 citations , January 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

WIF1 helps keep skin stem cells inactive to prevent excessive cell growth.

research Small RNAs Loom Large During Reprogramming

18 citations , June 2011 in “Cell stem cell”

Two studies in Cell Stem Cell reported that human and mouse somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells using microRNAs, eliminating the need for ectopic protein expression.

Hair Growth Promoting Effect of Houttuynia Cordata Extract in Cultured Human Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells

research Hair Growth Promoting Effect of Hottuynia cordata Extract in Cultured Human Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells

16 citations , October 2019 in “Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin”

This study suggests that Houttuynia cordata extract may promote hair growth by stimulating dermal papilla cell proliferation and extending the anagen phase through enhanced energy metabolism and gene expression changes.

research Editorial: Stem cell exhaustion in aging

13 citations , May 2024 in “Frontiers in Aging”

This article reviews how stem cell exhaustion contributes to aging, emphasizing the balance between proliferation and quiescence as crucial for long-term stem cell maintenance, but it reports no new results.

research Dexpanthenol Promotes Cell Growth by Preventing Cell Senescence and Apoptosis in Cultured Human Hair Follicle Cells

13 citations , September 2021 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

This study suggests that D-panthenol may promote hair growth by enhancing cell viability, suppressing apoptosis markers, and elongating the anagen phase in human hair follicle cells.

Regulatory Effect of Beta-Catenin on Proliferation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Involves PI3K/Akt Pathway

research Regulatory effect of β-catenin on proliferation of hair follicle stem cells involves PI3K/Akt pathway

11 citations , March 2013 in “Journal of Applied Biomedicine”

This study found that β-catenin is essential for hair follicle stem cell proliferation and may regulate this process through the PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.

research Anti-keratin Monoclonal Antibodies for Identifying Animal Hair Fibers

8 citations , May 2004 in “Textile Research Journal”

This study reports promising preliminary results for using monoclonal antibodies to identify cashmere fibers, highlighting observed immunological differences from wool keratins.

research OR2AT4, an Ectopic Olfactory Receptor, Suppresses Oxidative Stress-Induced Senescence in Human Keratinocytes

6 citations , November 2022 in “Antioxidants”

In this study, sandalore was found to activate OR2AT4, which inhibits senescent cell traits and restores proliferation in human keratinocytes, suggesting potential anti-aging applications.

research The Mammalian Hairless Protein as a DNA Binding Phosphoprotein

6 citations , June 2016 in “Journal of cellular biochemistry”

This study found that the mammalian Hr protein can interact with the p53 pathway by binding to a specific p53 response element, influencing the regulation of genes involved in cell cycle control.

4-O-Methylhonokiol Protects HaCaT Cells from TGF-β1-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest by Regulating Canonical and Non-Canonical Pathways of TGF-β Signaling

research 4-O-Methylhonokiol Protects HaCaT Cells from TGF-β1-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest by Regulating Canonical and Non-Canonical Pathways of TGF-β Signaling

5 citations , February 2017 in “Biomolecules & Therapeutics”

The authors reported that 4-O-methylhonokiol decreased TGF-β1-induced cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress markers in human keratinocyte cells, suggesting a potential protective role in TGF-β1-mediated cell cycle regulation.

research Ethanol extract of asiasari radix preferentially induces apoptosis in G361 human melanoma cells by differential regulation of p53

2 citations , August 2019 in “BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine”

This study found that ethanolic asiasari radix extract may induce apoptosis in G361 melanoma cells through ROS-dependent regulation of p53, suggesting potential as a medicinal option for melanoma.

research 549 Temporary cell cycle arrest in human scalp hair follicles and their epithelial stem cells by ALRN-6924: A novel strategy to selectively protect p53-wildtype cells against paclitaxel-induced alopecia

1 citations , November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that ALRN-6924, a clinical-stage dual inhibitor, can selectively protect human scalp hair follicles from paclitaxel-induced toxicity and damage by inducing transient cell cycle arrest in healthy cells without affecting cancer cells, potentially reducing chemotherapy-induced alopecia.

research The accelerated aging skin in rhino‐like SHJH^hr mice

1 citations , June 2022 in “Experimental dermatology”

This study found that SHJH hr mice, with a Hairless gene mutation, exhibit accelerated skin aging potentially due to poor antioxidative protection, highlighting the Hr gene's role in skin aging.