March 2026 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This review found that different monosaccharide compositions in polysaccharides from 72 medicinal plants are linked to varying biological activities, with glucans, galactans, mannans, fructans, and pectins showing significant roles in immunomodulation, antioxidant effects, and other health benefits.
November 2025 in “Preprints.org” This review reports that the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides significantly impacts their bioactivity, highlighting various roles for glucans, galactans, mannans, fructans, and pectin in immune regulation, antioxidant effects, and other biological functions.
53 citations
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July 2021 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This study found that extracts from Geranium pyrenaicum show promising antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and antiviral activities, particularly the methanolic extract's antiviral activity against HSV-1.
12 citations
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December 2023 in “Antioxidants” In this study, researchers found that blackberry leaves exhibited higher liposoluble antioxidant levels and inhibited lipid peroxidation more effectively than raspberry leaves, while raspberry leaves showed greater water-soluble antioxidant content and hydroxyl radical inhibition in vitro.
December 2025 in “eTheses of Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University (Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University)” In this laboratory study, the researchers reported that an ethnomedicinal hair growth formula from East Nusa Tenggara, incorporating Kemiri, Kembang sepatu, Beringin, Mangkokan, and Waru, demonstrated significant antioxidant activity and effectively stimulated hair growth, suggesting potential development as a natural cosmeceutical.
October 2024 in “Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention” This study found that methanolic extract from Cnicus Benedictus leaves inhibits the growth of human cervical cancer cells in vitro and selectively targets cancer cells over normal cells, suggesting potential safety in its efficacy.
2 citations
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February 2021 in “IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science” This study identified that Mangkokan leaf extracts contain active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phenols, and saponins, using different solvents and FTIR analysis.
7 citations
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March 2021 in “Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine” This study found that Nelumbinis Semen extract may promote hair growth and reduce hair loss by increasing VEGF and IGF-1 expression and decreasing TGF-β1 in human dermal papilla cells and mice.
6 citations
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February 2023 in “Cosmetics” This study found that hexane extracts of Nostoc verrucosum significantly inhibited melanin synthesis in melanoma cells and demonstrated antioxidant activity, suggesting potential use in developing cosmetic and functional food products.
34 citations
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October 2021 in “Scientific Reports” This study found that nobiletin-loaded vesicles effectively restored skin condition in a mouse model of skin cancer, suggesting they are a promising treatment delivery system.
2 citations
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October 2023 in “JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA” In this study, researchers formulated a nanosuspension of kenikir leaf extract that meets physical criteria and exhibits cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
1 citations
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November 2017 in “JFL : Jurnal Farmasi Lampung” In this study, researchers found that hair tonic formulations containing Nothopanax scutellarium extract enhanced hair growth in male rabbits over 21 days, with the 25% concentration showing comparable effects to a minoxidil-based positive control.
April 2025 in “Jurnal Analis Farmasi” This study evaluated hair tonic formulations containing Ambon banana peel extract and found that the preparation, particularly at an 8% concentration, significantly promoted hair growth compared to other formulations, though it still differed from the control group's effectiveness.
This study found that niosomal aminexil was more clinically effective for hair growth than conventional aminexil solutions, and that niosomes facilitated aminexil penetration through rat skin without propylene glycol.
In this study, applying a 5% concentration of pomegranate peel extract significantly enhanced hair growth on male rabbits, showing results comparable to the positive control using 2% Minoxidil, but higher concentrations or lower concentrations did not perform as well.
This study found that ethanolic extract and fractions of Ceiba leaf tonic may enhance rabbit hair growth similarly to 2% minoxidil.
July 2026 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”
June 2025 in “Pharmacon Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia” This systematic review found that mangkokan leaf formulations, especially ethosomal gel or phytosome lotion at 25% concentration, were most effective in stimulating hair growth and improving hair health through various biological mechanisms.
September 2025 in “JUKEJ Jurnal Kesehatan Jompa” This study found that 20% mung bean seed coat extract effectively stimulates hair growth in New Zealand White rabbits, demonstrating results close to minoxidil 2% in terms of hair length, weight, and growth area, suggesting its potential as a natural alternative for hair loss therapy.
This study suggests that Nepenthes kampotiana Lecomte ethanol extract may promote hair growth and inhibit cell death in models of androgenic alopecia, indicating potential as a treatment option.
October 2024 in “Media Farmasi” In this in vitro study, researchers found that a combination of soursop leaf extract and doxorubicin moderately enhanced the anti-cancer effect against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, but they did not report on reducing doxorubicin's side effects.
2 citations
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August 2022 in “Korean journal of medicinal crop science/Han-gug yagyong jagmul hag-hoeji” This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant extract BLH308 and its potential to reduce hair loss, showing significant antioxidant activity in vitro.
June 2025 in “Formosa Journal of Sustainable Research” In this study, the NADES extract of mangkokan leaves (Polyscias scutellaria) demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with a total flavonoid content measured at 4.944 mgEQ/gSimplisia using the disc diffusion method.
December 2025 in “Jurnal Farmasi Tinctura” This study found that a hair tonic containing 15% ethanol extract of cocoa leaves effectively stimulated hair growth in rabbits, outperforming minoxidil 2%, and was safe with no skin irritation observed.
October 2024 in “JURNAL ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA” This study found that the F6 formulation of a hair tonic containing EDS and ATG extracts produced the most significant hair growth in rabbits, without causing skin irritation and remaining stable throughout the observation period.
1 citations
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October 2021 in “Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products” This study found that methanolic extract of Ficus carica leaves induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in B16F10 melanoma cells, suggesting potential anti-cancer properties for further investigation in melanoma.
1 citations
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August 2019 In this study, a hair tonic formulation with 25% ethanol extract of mangkokan leaves showed effectiveness in promoting hair growth, as measured by significant differences in hair length and weight compared to the control.
July 2023 in “Journal of the Mexican chemical society” This study found that Hibiscus rosa-sinensis dried leaves extract displayed the strongest pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity among 37 tested plant extracts, showing potential as an anti-obesity agent with effects comparable to the pharmaceutical drug orlistat in reducing plasma triacylglycerol levels in rats.
January 2024 in “Tropical journal of pharmaceutical research” This study found that extracts from Cirsium japonicum var. spinossimum seeds are rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory and cell proliferation effects in specific cell models, suggesting potential as a source for anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.
3 citations
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August 2019 in “Medika Tadulako: Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan” In this study on New Zealand white rabbits, the researchers reported that a hair tonic formula combining bitter melon leaf and carrot extracts resulted in optimal hair growth, particularly at a 3:1 ratio and a concentration of 3%, without causing irritation.