28 citations
,
July 2011 in “Journal of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery” This case report describes a serious complication of follicular unit extraction, where donor-site necrosis led to cicatricial alopecia, but was successfully treated with two-stage surgery using tissue expanders.
12 citations
,
March 2017 in “Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology” This study in male mice found that testosterone provides strong protection against skin necrosis after ischemia, working through its estrogenic and androgenic derivatives to enhance skin survival and revascularization, with 17β-estradiol being notably more effective than dihydrotestosterone.
4 citations
,
October 2022 in “Aesthetic surgery journal” This study reports that percutaneous superficial temporal arterial hyaluronidase injection effectively treated necrosis of the frontotemporal skin and ipsilateral scalp, with patients experiencing significant recovery in skin appearance and hair regrowth 2 to 3 months after injection, following complications from hyaluronic acid filler.
1 citations
,
January 2014 in “Hair transplant forum international” This article discusses patient preferences for the follicular unit extraction (FUE) method in hair transplantation, highlighting its benefits of rapid recovery and comfortable post-operative experience but reports no new clinical results.
In this case report, the authors detail a successful management of early scalp ischemia after hair transplantation using the FLOW protocol, which emphasizes cause correction, local vasodilation, oxygenation optimization, and wound care, resulting in recovery without necrosis.
79 citations
,
October 2003 in “PubMed” In this study, PKCepsilon transgenic mice showed increased TNFalpha shedding during skin tumor promotion, which may contribute to the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.
61 citations
,
June 2010 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” This study highlights cases of alopecia areata that developed during anti-TNF-α therapy, suggesting a potential link or increased frequency, particularly among individuals with a personal or family history of autoimmune diseases.
53 citations
,
July 2009 in “Cancer Research” In this mouse study, the researchers found that the monoclonal antibody ME1 causes hair follicle inflammation by up-regulating TNFα, which can be reduced by TNFα and interleukin-1 inhibitors.
26 citations
,
March 2017 in “Aesthetic plastic surgery” Accidental injection of hyaluronic acid caused temporary hair loss and skin damage, but treatment restored hair and healed the skin.
26 citations
,
August 2014 in “Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers” This study suggests that the TNF-α system may contribute to hyperandrogenism, obesity, and insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome, independent of the C850T polymorphism.
26 citations
,
March 2014 in “Rheumatology” This study confirms an association between TNF-α antagonist exposure and alopecia, indicating a class effect among the medications examined.
26 citations
,
June 2005 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” In this study, pegylated interferon alfa-2b injections led to local cutaneous reactions, including cutaneous necrosis, in patients with hepatitis C and chronic myelocytic leukemia, requiring dose modifications or treatment withdrawal in some cases.
24 citations
,
April 2013 in “PLOS ONE” This study identifies substance P, TNFα, and IFNγ as novel regulators of prolactin and its receptor expression in human skin, suggesting intracutaneous prolactin is not controlled by dopamine.
16 citations
,
July 2002 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology” This case report illustrates the risk of skin necrosis in patients with high antiphospholipid antibody levels after stopping anticoagulation therapy, highlighting the necessity for careful monitoring.
14 citations
,
May 1988 in “The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology” This report describes three cases of postoperative necrosis following bilateral lateral reduction surgery, leading the author to discontinue the procedure and advise caution to others.
13 citations
,
March 1990 in “JAMA” This study found that in a small cohort of patients with infections, tumor necrosis factor levels varied, challenging the interpretation that these levels are transient in gram-negative sepsis.
11 citations
,
September 2005 in “International Wound Journal” This case report documents the first known instance of heparin necrosis linked to tinazaparin, indicating that low-molecular-weight heparin may still cause serious side effects like conventional heparin.
10 citations
,
July 2015 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology” The authors reported a possible association between the use of etanercept and the development of trichorrhexis nodosa, a hair shaft disorder, in a patient without apparent external causes.
8 citations
,
December 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” In this study, successful treatment outcomes with platelet-rich plasma injections in patients with IC/BPS and rUTI were associated with specific cytokine concentrations, particularly lower TNF-α levels.
8 citations
,
March 2022 in “Dermatologic Therapy” This article provides information on data availability but reports no new research findings.
7 citations
,
January 2017 in “Dermatology Online Journal” In this case report, the researchers described two women with Crohn disease who developed alopecia related to TNF inhibitor therapy, noting various histopathological features of drug-induced alopecia and treating it effectively with different therapeutic approaches.
6 citations
,
May 2023 in “Dermatology Research and Practice” This study observed that patients with alopecia areata had significantly higher serum levels of IL-15 and TNF-α compared to controls, with TNF-α levels particularly elevated in individuals with alopecia totalis, though these biomarkers were not influenced by disease duration or activity.
6 citations
,
July 2015 in “Dermatology practical & conceptual” This study found that scalp necrosis in hair restoration procedures primarily occurs in the central region, particularly on the right parietal aspect, and proposed a method to prevent this complication.
5 citations
,
October 2018 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” This study found that oral pulse steroids significantly reduced serum and tissue levels of TNF-α in patients with alopecia areata, correlating with clinical improvement.
5 citations
,
September 2016 in “Dermatologic Therapy” This paper reports three cases of hair transplantation using Feily's method, which showed unusual long-lasting dark areas on the scalp, suggesting more than 24 hours of caution might be needed to prevent necrosis.
3 citations
,
June 2025 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” In a retrospective study, TNFα inhibitor-induced alopecia was observed in pediatric patients, primarily adolescents with inflammatory bowel diseases, with hair regrowth occurring in those who discontinued the therapy; this suggests that stopping these medications can improve drug-induced alopecia in children.
3 citations
,
August 2020 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” In this study, topical nitroglycerine spray successfully prevented impending necrosis in 94% of hair transplant cases showing signs of vascular distress.
2 citations
,
April 2023 in “Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis” This study found that TNFα inhibitors can induce psoriatic alopecia, highlighting that early diagnosis and discontinuation of the drugs in some cases may prevent irreversible scalp damage.
2 citations
,
March 2023 in “Frontiers in medicine” This case report presents the first successful treatment of perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens using a regimen of adalimumab and baricitinib, resulting in almost complete healing after nine months.
2 citations
,
February 2023 in “BMC women's health” In this study, oral contraceptive use in women with PCOS increased the expression of certain inflammatory gene markers, which were positively associated with metabolic abnormalities.