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Glossary Matrix Metalloproteinases

enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix proteins

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of enzymes that break down proteins in the extracellular matrix, which is the network of molecules surrounding cells. They play a crucial role in tissue remodeling, wound healing, and various physiological processes, but their overactivity can contribute to diseases like arthritis and cancer.

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research Matrix Metalloproteinase-19 Expression in Normal and Diseased Skin: Dysregulation by Epidermal Proliferation

56 citations , November 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study identified altered expression of MMP-19 in the skin's epidermal layers during diseases like psoriasis and eczema, implying a role in disease processes.

research Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in the hair cycle

21 citations , May 2016 in “Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine”

In this study, the researchers observed that MMP-2 and MMP-9 significantly fluctuated with the hair growth cycle in mice, suggesting their important role in hair development.

research Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Is Involved in the Regulation of Hair Canal Formation

20 citations , September 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study suggests that MMP-9 plays a significant role in extracellular matrix remodeling during hair canal formation in mice, as indicated by delayed hair shaft emergence and hair canal development in MMP-9 knockout mice.

research Human Scalp Dermal Papilla and Fibrous Sheath Cells have a different expression profile of Matrix Metalloproteinases in vitro when compared to Scalp Dermal Fibroblasts

9 citations , August 2005 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Scalp dermal papilla and fibrous sheath cells have different MMP expression than scalp dermal fibroblasts.

research A polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene promoter is associated with the presence of polycystic ovary syndrome in Caucasian women

8 citations , May 2005 in “Fertility and Sterility”

In this study, women with the GG polymorphism of the MMP1 gene promoter were found to have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome.

research Procyanidins attenuate neuropathic pain by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9/2

22 citations , June 2018 in “Journal of Neuroinflammation”

This study found that procyanidins effectively alleviate neuropathic pain in mice by significantly inhibiting MMP-9/2 activity.

research In-Vitro Anticancer Activity of Chemical Constituents from Etlingera alba Poulsen against Triple Negative Breast Cancer and in silico Approaches towards Matrix metalloproteinase-1 Inhibition

7 citations , May 2022 in “Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology”

This study found that compounds isolated from the Etlingera alba rhizome exhibited cytotoxic and anti-metastatic activity, with potential for development against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

research Extracellular Matrix as a Regulator of Epidermal Stem Cell Fate

57 citations , March 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review highlights recent advances in understanding how the extracellular matrix regulates epidermal stem cell fate, emphasizing the importance of the hair follicle stem cell niche, but reports no new empirical findings.

research Effect of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Bioscaffolds Derived from Fibroblasts on Skin Wound Healing and Remodeling

8 citations , June 2022 in “Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology”

This study found that a collagen patch made with fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix (fdECM) extracted from human lung fibroblasts enhanced wound healing by promoting wound contraction, angiogenesis, and skin remodeling in full-thickness skin wound models, including those with diabetic ulcers.

research Oral Centella asiatica Extract Attenuates UVB-Induced Skin Photoaging via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Extracellular Matrix-Preserving Effects in Hairless Mice

December 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

In this study, orally administered Centella asiatica extract, standardized for asiaticoside content, significantly improved skin barrier function, elasticity, and reduced signs of UVB-induced photoaging in hairless mice, highlighting its potential as a nutricosmetic for skin health.

Human Fibroblast-Derived Matrix Hydrogel Accelerates Regenerative Wound Remodeling Through Interactions With Macrophages

research Human Fibroblast‐Derived Matrix Hydrogel Accelerates Regenerative Wound Remodeling Through the Interactions with Macrophages

March 2024 in “Advanced science”

This study observed that a novel extracellular matrix hydrogel made from human fibroblast-derived matrix improved wound healing in animal models, showing significant effects such as hair follicle formation, reduced inflammation, enhanced pro-healing growth factor levels, and interaction with macrophages, compared to traditional collagen hydrogels.

research Wound Healing: A Cellular Perspective

1160 citations , November 2018 in “Physiological Reviews”

This review discusses the potential of single cell technologies to improve understanding and treatment of impaired wound healing and reports no new clinical results.

research Cellular and molecular mechanisms of repair in acute and chronic wound healing

908 citations , July 2015 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This article reviews the cellular and molecular processes of acute and chronic wound healing, emphasizing the need for collaboration between researchers and clinicians to advance therapeutic solutions; it presents no new clinical results.

research Identifying the Target Cells and Mechanisms of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection

133 citations , May 2016 in “Cell Host & Microbe”

In this study, human dermal fibroblasts were identified as natural host cells that support productive Merkel cell polyomavirus infection, and the MEK antagonist trametinib was introduced as an effective inhibitor to control the virus.

research The Pathobiology of Skin Aging

122 citations , April 2020 in “American Journal Of Pathology”

This review discusses the multiple factors contributing to skin aging, including cellular changes and environmental influences, and highlights its recognition as a disease with significant implications beyond cosmetic concerns, without reporting new research results.

Thymosin Beta 4 Increases Hair Growth by Activation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells

research Thymosin β₄increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells

98 citations , December 2003 in “The FASEB Journal”

In this study, thymosin beta4 was found to stimulate hair growth in normal rats and mice by affecting key processes in the hair follicle cycle, such as stem cell migration and extracellular matrix remodeling.

research Self-organization process in newborn skin organoid formation inspires strategy to restore hair regeneration of adult cells

92 citations , August 2017 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”

This study found that newborn mouse skin organoids can robustly grow hair in vivo, while adult organoids require specific interventions to restore their hair-forming ability.

research Scarless wound healing: Transitioning from fetal research to regenerative healing

79 citations , January 2018 in “Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Developmental Biology”

This review discusses the experimental targets of fetal wound healing and evaluates existing therapies for scarless healing in adult skin, but reports no new research findings.

research Skin connective tissue and ageing

77 citations , July 2013 in “Best Practice & Research in Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology”

This review discusses the impact of menopause-related oestrogen deficiency on skin ageing and suggests that oestrogen use may improve collagen and skin elasticity, but it reports no clinical trial results.

Air Pollution, Autophagy, and Skin Aging: Impact of Particulate Matter on Human Dermal Fibroblasts

research Air Pollution, Autophagy, and Skin Aging: Impact of Particulate Matter (PM10) on Human Dermal Fibroblasts

68 citations , September 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

In this study, researchers found that exposure to PM10 significantly increased inflammation and impaired collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts, suggesting PM10 contributes to skin aging through these mechanisms.

research Anti-Acne Agents Attenuate FGFR2 Signal Transduction in Acne

65 citations , February 2009 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This paper discusses the hypothesis that anti-acne agents may work by reducing FGFR2 signaling, and emphasizes FGFR2's potential role in acne pathogenesis, but it reports no new experimental findings.

research Comparison of two ASC-derived therapeutics in an in vitro OA model: secretome versus extracellular vesicles

60 citations , December 2020 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

In this laboratory study, ASC-conditioned medium showed higher therapeutic potential than extracellular vesicles alone in reducing inflammation and catabolic activity in human chondrocytes with an osteoarthritis phenotype, highlighting its possible use in osteoarthritis management.

research Evaluation of hydro-alcoholic extract of Eclipta alba for its anticancer potential: An in vitro study

50 citations , May 2011 in “Journal of Ethnopharmacology”

In this cell study, Eclipta alba extract inhibited cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, showing potential antiproliferative and anti-metastasis effects on liver and related cancer cell lines.

research Basement Membrane Zone Remodeling During Appendageal Development in Human Fetal Skin. The Absence of Type VII Collagen is Associated with Gelatinase-A (MMP2) Activity

42 citations , February 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that Gelatinase A activity is linked to the absence of type VII collagen during human fetal skin development, indicating its role in remodeling the basement membrane zone.

research Effects of autologous platelet‑rich plasma injections on facial skin rejuvenation

40 citations , February 2020 in “Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine”

This study found that autologous serum platelet-rich plasma improved skin quality and reduced wrinkles, texture, and pores in healthy females, partly by regulating the expression of MMP-1, tyrosinase, fibrillin, and tropoelastin.

research 17β-Estradiol Inhibits Wound Healing in Male Mice via Estrogen Receptor-α

38 citations , May 2010 in “American Journal Of Pathology”

In this study, prolonged systemic administration of 17β-estradiol in castrated male mice delayed wound healing by inhibiting re-epithelialization and reducing collagen accumulation, with estrogen receptor-α likely mediating this effect.

research Mammalian Fetal Organ Regeneration

32 citations , January 2005 in “Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology”

This review discusses the unique capacity of fetal skin to heal wounds without scarring and notes that while many factors have been identified, the complete mechanism of fetal wound healing remains unclear.

research Collagenase IV plays an important role in regulating hair cycle by inducing VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β expression

27 citations , September 2015 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy”

This study suggests that type IV collagenases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, play important roles in the hair cycle by regulating the expression of VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β in mice.

research Expression Profiling and Cellular Localization of Genes Associated with the Hair Cycle Induced by Wax Depilation

27 citations , August 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified 12 new genes associated with the hair follicle and various stages of the hair cycle in mice, which could lead to novel targets for hair growth or depilation therapies.

research Identification of clustered cells in human hair follicle responsible for MMP‐9 gelatinolytic activity: consequences for the regulation of hair growth

27 citations , June 2001 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that cytokine and EGF stimulation leads to increased MMP-9 production in hair follicles, a process involved in hair follicle involution associated with alopecia.