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Glossary Keratin 15

protein crucial for hair follicle stem cell regulation

Keratin 15 (K15) is a type of protein found in the hair follicles and skin, playing a crucial role in the structural integrity and function of these tissues. It is particularly important for the maintenance and regeneration of hair, as it is involved in the regulation of stem cells within the hair follicle, which are essential for hair growth and repair.

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research Keratin 15 promotes a progenitor cell state in basal keratinocytes of skin epidermis

December 2025 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

This study found that keratin 15 lacks the ability to sequester YAP1 in keratinocytes effectively, unlike keratin 14, and suggests that a higher K15:K14 ratio may promote a progenitor state and inhibit differentiation in epidermal keratinocytes.

research Keratin 15 Expression in Stratified Epithelia: Downregulation in Activated Keratinocytes

198 citations , March 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that keratin 15 expression is downregulated in hyperproliferative conditions like psoriasis and hypertrophic scars, suggesting it is not compatible with keratinocyte activation.

research Interleukin-1 Induces Transcription of Keratin K6 in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes

90 citations , February 2001 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that interleukin-1 directly induces the expression of keratin 6 in keratinocytes, which is a marker of activation and involved in inflammatory skin responses.

research Expression of the hair stem cell-specific keratin 15 in pilar tumors of the skin.

54 citations , September 1999 in “PubMed”

This study suggests that immunostaining for Keratin 15 may be a useful tool for differentiating between basal cell carcinoma and trichoepithelioma.

research Characterization of Human KAP24.1, A Cuticular Hair Keratin-Associated Protein with Unusual Amino-Acid Composition and Repeat Structure

51 citations , January 2007 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified a novel keratin-associated protein, KAP24.1, which is specifically expressed in the human scalp and located in the hair cuticle.

research Endocrine controls of primary adult human stem cell biology: Thyroid hormones stimulate keratin 15 expression, apoptosis, and differentiation in human hair follicle epithelial stem cells in situ and in vitro

42 citations , July 2010 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

This study found that thyroid hormones T3 and T4 enhance keratin 15 promoter activity and stimulate CD200 expression in epithelial stem cells from human scalp hair follicles, affecting their growth and differentiation.

research Identification of the Ovine Keratin-Associated Protein 21-1 Gene and Its Association with Variation in Wool Traits

7 citations , July 2019 in “Animals”

This study identified a new ovine KRTAP21-1 gene variant in sheep, with wool yield affected by the variant, suggesting its potential as a genetic marker for improving wool production.

Exploring the Effects of Wetting and Free Fatty Acid Deposition on a Hair Fiber Surface Model Incorporating Keratin Associated Protein 5-1

research Exploring the effects of wetting and free fatty acid deposition on an atomistic hair fiber surface model incorporating Keratin Associated Protein 5-1

November 2022

This study used molecular dynamics simulations to illustrate the complex molecular behavior of the hair surface F-layer, highlighting how fatty acids interact with 18-MEA under different conditions.

An Investigation of Keratin 15 Function by Small Interfering RNA Technology

research An Investigation of Keratin 15 Function by Small Interfering Ribonucleic Acid Technology

January 2012 in “Durham e-Theses (Durham University)”

This study found that knock-down of keratin 15 in various cell lines affected cell spreading, morphology, migration, differentiation, and proliferation, suggesting its role in maintaining the stem cell nature of keratinocytes.

research Keratin 15 Promoter Targets Putative Epithelial Stem Cells in the Hair Follicle Bulge

387 citations , November 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The K15 promoter effectively targets stem cells in the hair follicle bulge.

research A keratin 15 containing stem cell population from the hair follicle contributes to squamous papilloma development in the mouse

44 citations , March 2012 in “Molecular Carcinogenesis”

This study found that keratin 15 expressing cells from the hair follicle contribute to the development and long-term persistence of cutaneous papillomas in transgenic mice, with a subset showing the Ha-ras mutation.

research Genomic Organization and Amplification of the Human Keratin 15 and Keratin 19 Genes

12 citations , January 2000 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

This study characterized the intron-exon organization of human keratin 15 and keratin 19 genes to aid future mutation detection analyses related to potential genetic disorders of keratinization.

research Corrigendum to “Endocrine controls of primary adult human stem cell biology: Thyroid hormones stimulate keratin 15 expression, apoptosis, and differentiation in human hair follicle epithelial stem cells in situ and in vitro” [Eur. J. Cell Biol. (2010) 769–777]

1 citations , November 2012 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

The authors clarified data overlap and corrected a figure error, apologizing for any confusion.

research Keratin 15 promotes a progenitor cell state in basal keratinocytes of skin epidermis

February 2025 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study proposes a model suggesting that the ratio of keratin 15 to keratin 14 in epidermal keratinocytes promotes a progenitor state and opposes differentiation, based on insights from both cell culture and transgenic mouse models.

research Expression of Keratin 15 in Alopecia's Frontal Hair Follicle

January 2007 in “Zhongguo linchuang yixue”

In this study, researchers observed that Keratin 15 expression in hair follicles was significantly higher in normal adult men compared to those with androgenetic alopecia.

Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 in a Growth- and Stress-Dependent Fashion

research Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 (RSK1) in a Growth- and Stress-dependent Fashion

30 citations , December 2011 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study found that serine 44 in the N-terminal head domain of keratin 17 is phosphorylated in response to various stimuli affecting skin keratinocyte growth, linking K17 up-regulation with growth and stress responses in skin epithelium.

research Variation in the ovine keratin-associated protein 15-1 gene affects wool yield

18 citations , September 2018 in “The Journal of Agricultural Science”

In this study, the presence of certain KAP15-1 gene variants in sheep was associated with differences in wool yield and fiber characteristics.

research Variation in the caprine keratin-associated protein 15-1 (KAP15-1) gene affects cashmere fibre diameter

30 citations , March 2019 in “Archives animal breeding/Archiv für Tierzucht”

In this study, variation in the KRTAP15-1 gene in goats was linked to changes in cashmere fibre diameter, with specific variants showing dominant or recessive effects.

research Polymorphisms in the Human High Sulfur Hair Keratin-associated Protein 1, KAP1, Gene Family

48 citations , November 2002 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

In this study, researchers found that size polymorphisms in certain hKAP1 genes are linked to the hKAP1.1B and hKAP1.3 genes, arising from intragenic deletions and duplications in Japanese and Caucasian populations.

research Abstract 5022: Keratin15 (Krt15) + are radio resistant and tumor-initiating cells in the mouse small intestine

July 2017 in “Cancer Research”

This study identified a radio-resistant population of Krt15+ stem cells in the mouse small intestine that can initiate tumors, suggesting potential targets for colon cancer therapy.

research A Small Deletion Hotspot in the Type II Keratin GenemK6irs1/Krt2-6gon Mouse Chromosome 15, a Candidate for Causing the Wavy Hair of the Caracul (Ca) Mutation

53 citations , October 2003 in “Genetics”

This study identified a mutation hotspot in the caracul (Ca) locus of mice, implicating the mK6irs1/Krt2-6g gene in hair formation and potentially human hair and skin diseases.

research Evidence for Novel Functions of the Keratin Tail Emerging from a Mutation Causing Ichthyosis Hystrix

130 citations , April 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study reports the first keratin gene mutation affecting the tail domain, leading to a unique cytoskeletal abnormality and severe epidermal hyperkeratosis, highlighting the tail domain's critical role in keratin organization.

research Tunable Keratin Hydrogels for Controlled Erosion and Growth Factor Delivery

106 citations , December 2015 in “Biomacromolecules”

This study describes a method to create keratin hydrogels with adjustable erosion rates by mixing different ratios of keratose and kerateine, enabling controlled release of therapeutic agents like insulin-like growth factor 1.

research A keratin scaffold regulates epidermal barrier formation, mitochondrial lipid composition, and activity

98 citations , December 2015 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

In this study, researchers found that the absence of type I or type II keratins in mice leads to severe skin barrier defects, highlighting keratins' crucial role in epidermal structure and function.

research Keratin K15 as a Biomarker of Epidermal Stem Cells

85 citations , September 2013 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review evaluates existing research on Keratin 15 to assess its validity as a marker for epidermal stem cells, reporting no new results.

research Alkylation of human hair keratin for tunable hydrogel erosion and drug delivery in tissue engineering applications

75 citations , September 2015 in “Acta biomaterialia”

This study found that alkylation of kerateine cysteine residues created a cell-compatible method for controlling hydrogel erosion rates and therapeutic agent release in keratin-based systems.

research Mechanisms of hepatocyte attachment to keratin biomaterials

53 citations , July 2011 in “Biomaterials”

This study observed that hepatocyte adhesion to human hair keratin biomaterials was mediated by the hepatic ASGPR, as blocking this receptor reduced cell attachment.

Deficient Plakophilin-1 Expression Due to a Mutation in PKP1 Causes Ectodermal Dysplasia-Skin Fragility Syndrome in Chesapeake Bay Retriever Dogs

research Deficient Plakophilin-1 Expression Due to a Mutation in PKP1 Causes Ectodermal Dysplasia-Skin Fragility Syndrome in Chesapeake Bay Retriever Dogs

28 citations , February 2012 in “PLoS ONE”

In this study, researchers identified a novel congenital skin disorder in Chesapeake Bay retrievers, linked to a plakophilin-1 deficiency due to a genetic mutation, marking the first known occurrence in an animal species.

research Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Hair Follicle–Specific Gene, Hacl-1

25 citations , May 1994 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study identified a novel gene, hacl-1, that is specifically expressed in the hair follicles of ICR mouse skin and is associated with their active state.

research Characterisation of an Ovine Keratin Associated Protein (KAP) Gene, Which Would Produce a Protein Rich in Glycine and Tyrosine, but Lacking in Cysteine

24 citations , October 2019 in “Genes”

In this study, the identification of a novel KAP gene in sheep, named KRTAP36-1, was associated with increased prickle factor in wool, suggesting its potential as a genetic marker for breeding purposes.