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Glossary Keratin-Associated Proteins

bind to keratin fibers, strengthening hair and nails

Keratin-Associated Proteins (KAPs) are a group of proteins that bind to keratin fibers, which are the structural components of hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin. They play a crucial role in the formation and strength of these keratin structures by cross-linking with keratin, thereby enhancing the rigidity and resilience of hair and other keratinized tissues.

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Cornified Epithelial Teeth of Jawless Vertebrates Contain Proteins Similar to Keratin-Associated Proteins of Mammalian Skin Appendages

research Cornified Epithelial Teeth of Jawless Vertebrates Contain Proteins Similar to Keratin-Associated Proteins of Mammalian Skin Appendages

May 2025 in “Journal of Developmental Biology”

This study reports that KRTAP-like proteins, which resemble keratin-associated proteins found in mammals, are also present in the cornified teeth of various lamprey species, suggesting these proteins may serve similar functions in skin appendages across different vertebrates despite independent evolutionary origins.

research Isolation and Characterization of a Putative Keratin-Associated Protein Gene Expressed in Embryonic Skin of Mice

22 citations , July 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study identified and characterized a gene called 4C32, which is expressed in the periderm of embryonic mouse skin and has a structure similar to keratin-associated proteins.

research The structure of human trichohyalin. Potential multiple roles as a functional EF-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

161 citations , June 1993 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study suggests that human trichohyalin may function as a flexible rod linking keratin intermediate filaments and as a scaffold protein in hair follicle and epidermis cell envelopes.

research Mammalian keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs) subgenomes: disentangling hair diversity and adaptation to terrestrial and aquatic environments

65 citations , September 2014 in “BMC genomics”

This research found that variations in the KRTAP gene family are likely responsible for the diverse hair phenotypes seen among mammals, influenced by gene repertoire differences, expression, and evolutionary factors.

research Keratin Gene Expression Differences in Wool Follicles and Sequence Diversity of High Glycine-Tyrosine Keratin-Associated Proteins (Kaps) in Magra Sheep of India

9 citations , December 2018 in “Journal of Natural Fibers”

This study found that K33A was significantly upregulated in lustrous Magra wool follicles, while other keratin and KAP genes showed downregulation, impacting wool's physical properties like luster.

research Downregulation of mRNAs Encoding Keratin-Associated Proteins in the Tongue of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

January 2024 in “Journal of Hard Tissue Biology”

In this study, researchers found that a high-fat diet in mice induced downregulation of certain Krtap genes in the tongue, which may be linked to structural issues or oral cancer risk, highlighting a potential connection between oral health and systemic diseases like metabolic syndrome.

Structural and Biochemical Changes Underlying a Keratoderma-Like Phenotype in Mice Lacking Suprabasal AP1 Transcription Factor Function

research Structural and biochemical changes underlying a keratoderma-like phenotype in mice lacking suprabasal AP1 transcription factor function

17 citations , February 2015 in “Cell Death and Disease”

This study found that inhibiting AP1 transcription factor activity in the suprabasal epidermis of mice alters keratinocyte gene expression, reducing barrier integrity and mimicking human keratoderma.

research Characterization of Human Keratin-Associated Protein 1 Family Members

17 citations , June 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

This study found that genes in the human keratin-associated protein 1 family may have evolved mainly through gene duplication of cysteine-repeat motifs.

research Molecular evolution of the keratin associated protein gene family in mammals, role in the evolution of mammalian hair

119 citations , August 2008 in “BMC Evolutionary Biology”

This study found that while the KRTAP gene family is unique to mammals, humans have a similar number of these hair gene types as other primates despite having less body hair.

research Polymorphisms in the Human High Sulfur Hair Keratin-associated Protein 1, KAP1, Gene Family

48 citations , November 2002 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

In this study, researchers found that size polymorphisms in certain hKAP1 genes are linked to the hKAP1.1B and hKAP1.3 genes, arising from intragenic deletions and duplications in Japanese and Caucasian populations.

research The Complexity of the Ovine and Caprine Keratin-Associated Protein Genes

10 citations , November 2021 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

This review discusses the role of keratin-associated proteins in the growth and characteristics of wool and hair fibres from sheep and goats, and highlights areas for future research, but it presents no new findings.

research Highly Conserved Keratin-Associated Protein 7-1 Gene in Yak, Taurine and Zebu Cattle

2 citations , January 2017 in “Folia biologica”

This study identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms and three haplotypes in the KRTAP7-1 gene across yak, taurine, and zebu cattle, with the BOVIN-KRTAP7-1*A haplotype most prevalent.

research Distribution of keratin and associated proteins in the epidermis of monotreme, marsupial, and placental mammals

21 citations , June 2003 in “Journal of Morphology”

This study suggests that the epidermis of monotremes and marsupials exhibits a more primitive pattern of protein distribution compared to eutherian mammals, with differences in loricrin distribution and keratinocyte maturation.

research Identification and sequence analysis of the keratin-associated protein 24‐1 (KAP24-1) gene homologue in sheep

51 citations , September 2012 in “Gene”

In this study, researchers identified a putative ovine KAP24-1 gene in sheep, revealing four unique DNA sequences with some similarity to KRTAP24-1 sequences from other species.

research Isolation and characterization of genomic clones of human sequences presumably coding for hair cysteine-rich proteins

11 citations , January 1997 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study identified a human sequence likely coding for a new ultra-high sulphur protein, which may aid in understanding hair differentiation and the molecular basis of human trichothiodystrophy.

research Symposium Proceedings of the 4th Intercontinental Meeting of Hair Research Societies: “The World of Hair 2004”

November 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

This review discusses the latest findings presented at the 4th Intercontinental Meeting of Hair Research Societies, covering advances in hair follicle biology, genetic bases for hair disorders, and potential new therapeutic approaches, but it reports no original study results.

research Thermal and mechanical transitions in keratins and their relevance for hair cosmetics

1 citations , January 2006

This study found that keratin fibers like human hair undergo thermal and mechanical transitions that can help assess changes from cosmetic processes such as bleaching and perm-waving.

research Characterisation of low abundance wool proteins through novel differential extraction techniques

26 citations , June 2010 in “Electrophoresis”

This study reported advances in identifying low-abundance proteins in wool by using fractionation techniques to reduce the dominance of intermediate filament proteins, improving the understanding of the wool proteome.

research Mapping the accessibility of the disulfide crosslink network in the wool fiber cortex

22 citations , November 2014 in “Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics”

In this study, researchers mapped cysteine accessibility in wool keratins and KAPs, revealing that certain cysteines in keratin end domains and Types I and II rod domains are accessible and likely involved in forming disulfide bonds.

research Keratin

6 citations , October 2016

This article reviews the complex structure and molecular composition of hair keratins, highlighting their self-assembly process and implications for keratin extraction techniques, but reports no new experimental results.

research The structure of the “amorphous” matrix of keratins

30 citations , April 2017 in “Journal of structural biology”

This study suggests that human keratin fiber matrix has a well-defined nano-scale grainy structure rather than being amorphous, with grain size influenced by chemical treatments, temperature, humidity, and follicle-level factors.

research Fundamental hair follicle biology and fine fibre production in animals

170 citations , January 2010 in “animal”

This review discusses the biology of hair follicles across various species and their role in fiber quality, but reports no new experimental findings.

research The human hair: from anatomy to physiology

107 citations , December 2013 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This review summarizes the anatomical and physiological aspects of human hair and its clinical significance, but does not report new research findings.

research Identification of key genes and signaling pathways related to Hetian sheep wool density by RNA-seq technology

7 citations , May 2022 in “PLOS ONE”

This study found that Hetian sheep with higher wool density produce more and finer wool, with key genes potentially influencing their wool growth and density.

Discovery of Differentially Expressed Genes in Cashmere Goat Hair Follicles by RNA Sequencing

research Discovery of differentially expressed genes in cashmere goat (Capra hircus) hair follicles by RNA sequencing

5 citations , January 2016 in “Genetics and Molecular Research”

This study identified 617 differentially expressed genes in cashmere goat hair follicles, which are involved in key biological processes and provide insights into hair follicle development.

research Unexpected Autocrine Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Squamous Cell Carcinoma

1 citations , February 2009 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that VEGF-deficient keratinocytes can form tumors using different aneuploidy and signaling patterns, highlighting VEGF's role beyond angiogenesis in tumor cell growth and survival.

research Bioinformatics analysis of EST segment from goat

1 citations , January 2008 in “China Journal of Bioinformatics”

This study identified that a significant number of expressed sequence tags from Cashmere goat skin with anagen hair follicles were genes coding for keratin or keratin-associated proteins.

research Hair follicle transcriptome profiles during the transition from anagen to catagen in Cashmere goat (Capra hircus)

14 citations , January 2015 in “Genetics and molecular research”

This study found that numerous genes involved in hair growth, including 73 co-up-regulated ones, were differentially expressed in goat hair follicles during the hair growth cycle.

research Trichothiodystrophy hair shafts display distinct ultrastructural features

May 2022 in “Experimental dermatology”

In this study, hair shafts from trichothiodystrophy patients with ERCC2 mutations revealed abnormal cuticle structures and protein imbalances compared to normal hair shafts.

research Embryonic keratinization in vertebrates in relation to land colonization

44 citations , May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica”

This study explains how the development of keratin-associated proteins in embryonic epidermis is crucial for forming protective barriers in vertebrates, enabling them to adapt to terrestrial environments.