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Glossary Keratin 2

protein providing structural strength to skin, hair, and nails

Keratin 2 (KRT2) is a type of protein found in the outer layer of the skin, hair, and nails. It plays a crucial role in providing structural strength and resilience to these tissues, helping to protect them from damage and wear. Mutations in the KRT2 gene can lead to skin disorders such as ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens, which is characterized by blistering and scaling of the skin.

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research Binding Interactions of Keratin-Based Hair Fiber Extract to Gold, Keratin, and BMP-2

22 citations , August 2015 in “PloS one”

This study found that the binding and release of BMP-2 from kerateine biomaterials are significantly influenced by pH and salt concentration, highlighting the potential for developing improved bone repair systems.

research The Mean Staple Length of Wool Fibre Is Associated with Variation in the Ovine Keratin-Associated Protein 21-2 Gene

4 citations , January 2020 in “Genes”

This study found that genetic variation in the KRTAP21-2 gene among crossbred Merino lambs was associated with differences in wool traits, particularly mean staple length.

research Identification of the Keratin-Associated Protein 22-2 Gene in the Capra hircus and Association of Its Variation with Cashmere Traits

1 citations , September 2023 in “Animals”

This study found that genetic variants in the goat KRTAP22-2 gene are associated with the mean fiber diameter of cashmere in Longdong Cashmere goats, suggesting these variants could serve as molecular markers for improving cashmere traits.

research Histopathological Analysis on keratin2-6 g Expression in Hair Mutant Mouse Hague

January 2002 in “Proceedings of The Japanese Society of Animal Models for Human Diseases”

In this study, researchers observed distinct morphological differences in hair follicles of mutant mouse genotypes, influenced by the expression levels of keratin2-6g, which is essential for proper hair follicle development.

The Human Type I Keratin Gene Family: Characterization of New Hair Follicle Specific Members and Evaluation of the Chromosome 17q21.2 Gene Domain

research The human type I keratin gene family: Characterization of new hair follicle specific members and evaluation of the chromosome 17q21.2 gene domain

70 citations , December 2004 in “Differentiation”

This study identifies six novel keratin genes from the chromosome 17q21.2 region, suggesting their association with hair follicles, while all 27 keratin genes in the domain have been characterized transcriptionally.

research Ovine KRTAP36-2: A New Keratin-Associated Protein Gene Related to Variation in Wool Yield

November 2023 in “Genes”

This study identified a new gene in sheep, KRTAP36-2, discovering variants associated with wool yield. Variations in this gene were linked to the efficiency of fleece conversion from greasy to clean, which may enhance wool production.

research Identification and sequence analysis of the keratin-associated protein 24‐1 (KAP24-1) gene homologue in sheep

51 citations , September 2012 in “Gene”

In this study, researchers identified a putative ovine KAP24-1 gene in sheep, revealing four unique DNA sequences with some similarity to KRTAP24-1 sequences from other species.

research Molecular evolution of the keratin associated protein gene family in mammals, role in the evolution of mammalian hair (vol 8, pg 241, 2008)

January 2009

research Alkylation of human hair keratin for tunable hydrogel erosion and drug delivery in tissue engineering applications

75 citations , September 2015 in “Acta biomaterialia”

This study found that alkylation of kerateine cysteine residues created a cell-compatible method for controlling hydrogel erosion rates and therapeutic agent release in keratin-based systems.

research Mechanisms of hepatocyte attachment to keratin biomaterials

53 citations , July 2011 in “Biomaterials”

This study observed that hepatocyte adhesion to human hair keratin biomaterials was mediated by the hepatic ASGPR, as blocking this receptor reduced cell attachment.

research Ferulic Acid Induces Keratin 6α via Inhibition of Nuclear β-Catenin Accumulation and Activation of Nrf2 in Wound-Induced Inflammation

16 citations , April 2021 in “Biomedicines”

This study found that ferulic acid promotes wound healing by inhibiting β-catenin in keratinocytes and activating Nrf2 to reduce inflammation at the wound edge.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inhibits Skin Renewal Through Inhibiting WNT-Dependent Lgr5+ Hair Follicle Stem Cell Activation in C57BL/6 Mice

research Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Inhibits Skin Renewal through Inhibiting WNT-Dependent Lgr5+ Hair Follicle Stem Cell Activation in C57BL/6 Mice

6 citations , April 2022 in “Journal of diabetes research”

This study found that type II diabetes inhibited hair follicle regeneration and skin cell proliferation in mice, potentially explaining reduced skin renewal and chronic wound formation in diabetes.

research Delayed-onset pachyonychia congenita caused by a novel mutation in the V2 domain of keratin 6b

4 citations , December 2013 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

This letter to the editor discusses a case of delayed-onset pachyonychia congenita linked to a new mutation in keratin 6b but presents no new research findings.

ERK1/2 Pathway Involvement in Enhancement of Fatty Acids from Phaeodactylum Tricornutum Extract on Hair Follicle Cell Proliferation

research ERK1/2 Pathway Is Involved in the Enhancement of Fatty Acids from Phaeodactylum tricornutum Extract (PTE) on Hair Follicle Cell Proliferation

2 citations , January 2020 in “BioMed Research International”

This study found that Phaeodactylum tricornutum extract enhanced hair follicle cell proliferation, indicated by increased keratin and ERK1/2 signaling, suggesting its potential for hair care applications.

Co-Expression Pattern of VEGFR-2 With Indicators Related to Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Differentiation of Anagen Hair Follicles

research The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles

January 2023 in “Open Life Sciences”

This study found that VEGFR-2 activation may play a role in hair follicle differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis by co-expressing with several key proteins in normal human scalp skin.

Proteomic Tools for the Investigation of Human Hair Structural Proteins and Evidence of Weakness Sites on Hair Keratin Coil Segments

research Proteomic tools for the investigation of human hair structural proteins and evidence of weakness sites on hair keratin coil segments

38 citations , October 2011 in “Analytical biochemistry”

This study used proteomic techniques to analyze human hair proteins, revealing keratin heterogeneity and identifying posttranslational modifications, such as cysteine trioxidation and methylation.

research Keratin-mediated hair growth and its underlying biological mechanism

7 citations , November 2022 in “Communications biology”

This study found that injecting keratin into the skin of mice promoted hair growth, potentially through keratin's interaction with hair-forming cells and changes in the microenvironment.

research SkIndia Quiz 24: Itchy papules over face

January 2016 in “Indian Dermatology Online Journal”

This case study discusses a 36-year-old female diagnosed with a facial variant of eruptive vellus hair cyst, confirmed by skin biopsy, and highlights the importance of considering this condition in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic facial papules.

Peer Review of Human Hair Shaft Proteomic Profiling: Individual Differences, Site Specificity, and Cuticle Analysis

research Peer Review #2 of "Human hair shaft proteomic profiling: individual differences, site specificity and cuticle analysis (v0.1)"

August 2014

This study found considerable variation in hair shaft proteomic profiles among Caucasian, African-American, Kenyan, and Korean subjects, with individual and site-specific differences observed.

research Identification of Telogen Markers Underscores that Telogen Is Far from a Quiescent Hair Cycle Phase

21 citations , November 2011 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that telogen, a resting phase of the hair follicle cycle, is characterized by dynamic gene expression, including enhanced cholesterol metabolism and immune signaling, suggesting it is an active regulatory phase despite its quiescent appearance.

research Artificial Infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in Rabbits Exhibits Progressive Pathological Changes, Apoptosis, and Keratinization in the Skin

1 citations , January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

This study found that S. scabiei infestation in rabbits leads to epidermal thickening possibly due to apoptosis-related proliferation and keratinization of the skin.

research Molecular mechanisms underlying cashmere quality differences between Jiangnan cashmere goats and Changthangi pashmina goats

May 2025 in “Frontiers in Veterinary Science”

This study investigated the genetic factors influencing cashmere quality differences between Jiangnan cashmere goats and Changthangi pashmina goats, identifying 4,942 differentially expressed genes and highlighting 24 key genes related to hair follicle development and cashmere fiber formation.

research Seasonal Gene Expression Profile Responsible for Hair Follicle Development in Angora goats

November 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This study found that HOXC13 gene expression was significantly higher during the anagen phase in Angora goats, potentially contributing to the mohair's shiny and silky nature.

research Polyphenolization:Hair Browning by Phenolic Adhesion,Ambient Oxygen, and Transition Metals

June 2025 in “OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University)”

This study found that a synthetic polyphenol, dimeric 1,2,4-benzenetriol (diBTO), can coat gray hair and gradually oxidize, creating a resistant brown layer similar to apple browning, which offers a practical hair dyeing solution that withstands washing and reduces the need for long dyeing sessions.

Dissecting the Role of the Common Neurotrophin Receptor CD271 in the Skin: Generation and Characterization of a Novel Mouse Model with Keratinocyte-Specific Conditional Deletion

research 186 Dissecting the role of the common neurotrophin receptor CD271 in the skin: generation and characterization of a novel mouse model with keratinocyte-specific conditional deletion

November 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that conditional deletion of CD271 in mouse epidermis led to significant disorganization and increased thickness, suggesting CD271's crucial role in regulating skin differentiation and structure.

Thyroid Hormones Directly Alter Human Hair Follicle Functions: Anagen Prolongation and Stimulation of Both Hair Matrix Keratinocyte Proliferation and Hair Pigmentation

research Thyroid Hormones Directly Alter Human Hair Follicle Functions: Anagen Prolongation and Stimulation of Both Hair Matrix Keratinocyte Proliferation and Hair Pigmentation

115 citations , August 2008 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

In this study, T3 and T4 were found to directly influence human hair follicles in vitro, enhancing keratinocyte proliferation, prolonging the hair growth phase, and affecting pigmentation.

research The Mechanisms of Fur Development and Color Formation in American Mink Revealed Using Comparative Transcriptomics

1 citations , November 2022 in “Animals”

This study found that differences in skin transcriptomes between juvenile and adult mink, as well as between black and white mink, suggest genes regulating hair color are active during early development rather than adulthood.

research Wound healing mechanism in Mongolian gerbil skin

6 citations , November 2018 in “Histochemistry and Cell Biology”

This study observed that gerbils exhibit a different wound healing mechanism compared to mice, with lower TGF-B1 expression and distinct tissue responses, yet achieve similar healing outcomes.

research Human basal cell carcinoma: the induction of anagen hair follicle differentiation

3 citations , September 2019 in “Clinical and experimental dermatology”

This study found that basal cell carcinoma cells differentiate along hair follicle lineages and may be influenced by hair follicle cycle modulators for potential therapeutic targeting.

research Correction of Tear Trough Deformity Using Autologous Fibroblast Combined with Keratin: New Soft Tissue Filler

12 citations , November 2018 in “Aesthetic plastic surgery”

In this study, autologous fibroblasts combined with keratin gel were reported to effectively and safely improve tear trough deformities up to 24 months post-injection, with no severe adverse effects observed.