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This case report highlights the need to assess postmenopausal women with hirsutism for hyperandrogenism causes, as exemplified by a Leydig cell tumor coinciding with primary hyperparathyroidism.

This study found that treatment with cyproterone acetate was generally successful for women with virilizing features, showing improved results in younger women and those with adrenal hirsutism, despite some side effects.

This study observed significant clinical effects, such as hair loss and testicular changes, in common quail treated with the steroids IVF-C Inj and Diane-35, especially highlighting cyproterone acetate's impact on vital organs like the liver.

This case study describes a rare instance of a Granulosa‐Theca cell tumor causing sexual precocity in a 12-month-old infant, with significantly reduced estradiol levels following tumor removal.

This case report describes a 19-month-old girl with androgen-dominant virilization caused by an adrenal tumor, highlighting the importance of adrenal assessment in young girls with such symptoms and recommending long-term monitoring even after initial biochemical remission.

This clinical case study reports on a postmenopausal woman experiencing hair loss and virilization symptoms, which were ultimately attributed to rare ovarian tumors identified after a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, despite normal imaging results.

This case report describes a young female with a rare combination of 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis and MRKH syndrome, highlighting associated infertility challenges.

This case report highlights the adverse effects of unmonitored bioidentical hormone replacement therapy, emphasizing the need for patient education about its safety and efficacy compared to FDA-regulated hormones.

This case study found that a 1.6cm ovarian Leydig cell tumor, causing hyperandrogenism in a postmenopausal woman, evaded detection on standard imaging techniques, underscoring the difficulty of diagnosing such tumors with imaging alone.

This study reports that in a case of benign Brenner tumor, elevated androgens may originate from luteinized stromal cells, as these cells do not convert androgen to estrogen due to suppressed aromatase biosynthesis.

In this case report, a 48-year-old woman's hyperandrogenism, presenting with symptoms like acne and hirsutism, was attributed to a benign Leydig cell tumor, which resolved after surgical removal.

This study reports experience treating 140 women with hirsutism and other virilism signs using cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol, focusing on those treated for over five months.

This study concludes that anti-androgenic chemicals causing short anogenital distance in male fetuses also induce a feminized transcriptional profile in the perineum, implicating Wnt and estrogen signaling in the process.

This study found that women with polycystic ovary syndrome had significantly higher serum and intrafollicular levels of anti-Müllerian hormone compared to normovulatory women, indicating a potential marker for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome risk.

This case report highlights that uncommon ovarian tumors like sclerosal stromal tumors can cause hirsutism and virilization in postmenopausal women and lead to androgen secretion, despite typically being hormonally inactive.

In this case report, a patient with pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias due to 5α-reductase deficiency presented gender dysphoria, and after genomic sequencing confirmation, injectable testosterone undecanoate treatment successfully developed desired male secondary sexual characteristics.

In this study, researchers used a hypospadiac rat model to demonstrate abnormal genital development, similar to human penoscrotal hypospadias, highlighting the model's value for studying penile growth and differentiation.

This case series detailed three postmenopausal women with ovarian steroid cell tumors, highlighting that such tumors may present asymptomatically or with virilization, and found surgery effectively normalized androgen levels, with distinctive imaging features aiding diagnosis.

This case report details a functioning adrenocortical oncocytoma in a 3-year-old girl with hirsutism and virilization, highlighting its rarity in childhood and including a literature review without new clinical data.

This case report describes a 65-year-old postmenopausal woman with hyperandrogenism caused by a non-malignant ovarian Leydig cell tumor, which is a rare cause of virilization.

This case study reports that hormonal imbalances in a young boy with precocious pseudopuberty returned to normal after the removal of a testicular interstitial cell tumor, with normal spontaneous puberty following.

This chapter reviews the causes and underlying steroid pathways of hirsutism and virilization in women, detailing relevant conditions and laboratory assays without reporting new clinical results.

This study found that intracrine androgen signaling, mediated by steroid 5α-reductase, is essential for optimal decidualization and vascular development in the endometrium during pregnancy, indicating potential targets for improving age-related fertility issues.

This case report describes a rare instance of a Leydig cell tumor in a 35-year-old pregnant woman, discovered incidentally during a cesarean section. The tumor typically presents with symptoms of excess androgen, though it can range from asymptomatic to rapid virilization.

This study suggests that maternal hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance may induce ferroptosis in the gravid uterus and placenta in rats, but through distinct molecular mechanisms.

This study categorizes the human fetal vaginal epithelium into four areas with distinct transcriptomic profiles, aiding potential advancements in vaginal reconstruction and drug delivery.

This study found that micro-CT imaging can effectively identify vascular structures in rat models of congenital hypospadias, providing anatomical insights for selecting preputial vessel flaps in surgical procedures.

This study found that exposure to sex steroid biosynthesis inhibitors increases the expression of piRNA pathway genes in frog larvae, suggesting these genes play a role in gonadal sex differentiation.