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Glossary Gene Expression

process where genetic information directs protein or RNA synthesis

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins or RNA. This process involves two main stages: transcription, where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into mRNA, and translation, where the mRNA is used as a template to build proteins. Gene expression is tightly regulated to ensure that the right genes are expressed at the right times and in the right amounts, which is crucial for normal development, cellular function, and response to environmental changes.

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research Genome-wide gene expression dataset used to identify potential therapeutic targets in androgenetic alopecia

4 citations , May 2017 in “Data in Brief”

This study identified five potential molecular targets for future androgenetic alopecia therapy using genome-wide gene-expression investigations and bioinformatics analyses.

An Analysis of Gene Expression Data Involving Examination of Signaling Pathways Activation Reveals New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Minoxidil Topical Foam in Men with Androgenetic Alopecia

research An analysis of gene expression data involving examination of signaling pathways activation reveals new insights into the mechanism of action of minoxidil topical foam in men with androgenetic alopecia

12 citations , June 2017 in “Cell Cycle”

This study observed that 5% minoxidil topical foam alters gene expression and signaling pathways in the scalp, providing insights into its mechanism of action in men with androgenetic alopecia.

In Silico Analysis of Gene Expression Data from Bald Frontal and Haired Occipital Scalp to Identify Candidate Genes in Male Androgenetic Alopecia

research In silico analysis of gene expression data from bald frontal and haired occipital scalp to identify candidate genes in male androgenetic alopecia

6 citations , September 2019 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

In this study, researchers identified 32 differentially expressed genes involved in androgenetic alopecia, with down-regulated genes associated with Wnt and TGF-beta signaling and up-regulated genes linked to oxidative stress pathways.

Integrative Analysis of Rare Copy Number Variants and Gene Expression Data in Alopecia Areata Implicates an Etiological Role for Autophagy

research Integrative analysis of rare copy number variants and gene expression data in alopecia areata implicates an aetiological role for autophagy

20 citations , June 2019 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study identified 14 genes affected by copy number variants that may contribute to alopecia areata, including four genes notably involved in autophagy and chromatin remodeling.

Bioinformatic Analysis of Gene Expression Data Reveals Src Family Protein Tyrosine Kinases as Key Players in Androgenetic Alopecia

research Bioinformatic analysis of gene expression data reveals Src family protein tyrosine kinases as key players in androgenetic alopecia

June 2023 in “Frontiers in Medicine”

This study identified core genes and pathways involved in androgenetic alopecia, finding that genes related to hair follicle development are down-regulated, while those linked to immune responses are up-regulated, highlighting potential therapeutic targets.

research scINSIGHT for interpreting single-cell gene expression from biologically heterogeneous data

3 citations , October 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study introduces scINSIGHT, a method to analyze single-cell RNA sequencing data that outperforms existing techniques in identifying gene expression patterns across different biological conditions.

research scINSIGHT for interpreting single-cell gene expression from biologically heterogeneous data

24 citations , March 2022 in “Genome biology”

This study introduces scINSIGHT, a method that showed improved performance over existing approaches in identifying gene expression patterns and cellular processes in heterogeneous scRNA-seq datasets from different biological conditions.

Insights into Male Androgenetic Alopecia: Differential Gene Expression Profiling of Plucked Hair Follicles and Integration with Genetic Data

research Insights into Male Androgenetic Alopecia: Differential Gene Expression Profiling of Plucked Hair Follicles and Integration with Genetic Data

7 citations , July 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This article reviews the genetic research on male androgenetic alopecia, highlighting that over 300 associated risk variants have been identified, with unclear mechanisms of action.

research Significance of stress keratin expression in normal and diseased epithelia

47 citations , January 2024 in “iScience”

The researchers reported that stress-induced keratins in human skin are expressed at lower levels than those in healthy skin and are co-regulated with genes involved in differentiation, inflammation, and immunity, rather than replacing keratins of normal differentiation or indicating cell proliferation.

research Meta-Analysis of Gene Expression Reveals the Core Transcriptomic Profile of Lesional Scalp in Alopecia Areata

August 2025 in “Dermatology and Therapy”

This study conducted a meta-analysis of gene expression data from alopecia areata patients, identifying 5109 differentially expressed genes and highlighting enriched pathways like JAK-STAT signaling, providing insights into the disease's pathogenesis and potential treatment targets.

Early Prediction of Alopecia Areata Using Machine Learning Modeling of Neuro Stress Immune Signatures from Multiple Datasets

research Early prediction of alopecia areata using machine learning modeling of neuro stress immune signatures from multi datasets

1 citations , December 2025 in “Scientific Reports”

In this study, researchers developed a predictive model for the onset of alopecia areata by analyzing six datasets to identify key feature genes and employing various machine learning algorithms, ultimately finding the XGBoost model most effective for clinical application.

research Human hair production by scalp samples grafted onto nude mice. Biochemical data on normal human hair and the genetic defect trichothiodystrophy

2 citations , July 1994 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study found that a laboratory model using nude mice can produce human hair follicles with amino acid compositions resembling both normal and trichothiodystrophy-affected human scalp hair over extended periods.

research Identification of immune microenvironment changes, immune-related pathways and genes in male androgenetic alopecia

September 2023 in “Medicine”

This study found increased infiltration of specific immune cells, such as γδ T cells and CD8+ T cells, in the bald scalp of male androgenetic alopecia patients, and identified four key immune-related genes potentially involved in hair loss development through interferon-γ signaling pathways.

research Application of multi-omics techniques to androgenetic alopecia: Current status and perspectives

June 2024 in “Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal”

This review discusses the integration of omics analyses in androgenetic alopecia research, reporting no new clinical results but suggesting that collaborative multi-omics studies may enhance understanding of AGA's pathomechanisms.

research Prioritizing Susceptibility Genes for the Prognosis of Male-pattern Baldness with Transcriptome-wide Association Study

January 2024 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This study identified robust susceptibility genes and potential drug candidates for male-pattern baldness, providing insights into the condition's molecular mechanisms.

research Understanding the Molecular Landscape of Alopecia Areata: Key Genes, Regulatory Networks, and Therapeutic Targets

June 2026 in “Health Science Reports”

This study examined the genetic basis of alopecia areata by analyzing gene expression differences between patients and healthy controls, identifying critical pathways, hub genes, transcription factors, and miRNAs implicated in the disease, and suggesting potential targets for treatment.

research Table 1_Association between SQSTM1 dysregulation and risk in alopecia areata: a Mendelian randomization study.docx

November 2025 in “Figshare”

In this study, six metabolic reprogramming-related genes, including SQSTM1, were significantly associated with alopecia areata, with elevated SQSTM1 mRNA and protein levels observed in affected hair follicles compared to healthy controls.

Identification of Biomarkers in Affected Hair Follicles from Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

research Identification of Biomarkers in Affected Hair Follicles from Chronic Discoid Lupus Erythematosus by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

October 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This study found that type I interferon response-related genes activated by RIG-1 and IL-17 pathways were significantly up-regulated in hair follicle and skin samples with chronic discoidal lupus erythematosus.

research Revisiting the significance of keratin expression in complex epithelia

6 citations , October 2022 in “Journal of cell science”

This study re-analyzed single-cell RNAseq data from human and mouse skin, confirming and refining insights into keratin gene regulation during keratinocyte differentiation in epithelial tissues.

research Using WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) to identify the hub genes of skin hair follicle development in fetus stage of Inner Mongolia cashmere goat

16 citations , December 2020 in “PloS one”

In this study, WNT10A was identified as a key gene in the development and maturation of skin hair follicles in fetal Inner Mongolian cashmere goats.

research Identification of Biomarkers in Affected Hair Follicles from Chronic Discoid LupusErythematosus by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

December 2022 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

In this study, type I interferon response-related genes activated by RIG-1 and IL-17 signaling pathways were significantly up-regulated in both hair follicles and skin tissues affected by chronic discoidal lupus erythematosus.

research 546 Gene expression signatures and ALADIN score correlates with response of alopecia areata patients to treatment with JAK inhibitors

April 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study demonstrated that the Alopecia Areata Disease Activity Index (ALADIN), a new biomarker, strongly correlates with treatment response in patients using JAK inhibitors for alopecia areata.

research Multi-omics analysis of functional substances and expression verification in cashmere fineness

November 2023 in “BMC genomics”

Using a multi-omics analysis, this study identified key regulators like PLA2G12A, KRT79, and prostaglandin B2 that influence cashmere fineness, providing crucial data for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind this trait in Liaoning cashmere goats.

research Gene expression profiling analysis reveals fur development in rex rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

23 citations , August 2017 in “Genome”

This study identified several genes and signaling pathways, such as Wnt and MAPK, involved in fur development in Chinchilla rex rabbits, providing insights into skin and hair follicle growth.

research De NovoTranscriptome Assembly and Differential Gene Expression Profiling of ThreeCapra hircusSkin Types during Anagen of the Hair Growth Cycle

12 citations , January 2013 in “International Journal of Genomics”

In this study, researchers used mRNA sequencing to identify and categorize over 49,000 contigs in goat skin, revealing significant gene activity related to metabolism, cell cycle, and cell division during hair growth.

research Differential Gene Expression in Post-Finasteride Syndrome Patients

2 citations , July 2021 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine”

This study found significant differences in gene expression, particularly in androgen receptor activity, between men with post-finasteride syndrome and healthy controls, suggesting a potential biological basis for the syndrome.

Time-Course RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Stage-Specific and Melatonin-Triggered Gene Expression Patterns During the Hair Follicle Growth Cycle in Capra Hircus

research Additional file 10 of Time-course RNA-seq analysis reveals stage-specific and melatonin-triggered gene expression patterns during the hair follicle growth cycle in Capra hircus

January 2022 in “Figshare”

Melatonin affects specific gene patterns and biological processes in goat hair growth.

research signatureSearch: environment for gene expression signature searching and functional interpretation

51 citations , September 2020 in “Nucleic Acids Research”

This article introduces signatureSearch, a software package designed for gene expression signature searching and functional enrichment analysis, but reports no new clinical results.

research Integrative study of gene expression and protein complexes

October 2014 in “Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)”

This research discusses the time-of-day-dependent role of protein-complex assembly in the differentiation of human epidermal stem cells and highlights the context-dependent functioning of human protein complexes.

research Exploring differential gene expression and biomarker potential in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study

September 2025 in “PeerJ”

This study found that the genes FCER1A and RGS1 are promising biomarkers for diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus, with FCER1A downregulated and RGS1 upregulated in patients.