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    Glossary Freckles

    small, flat, brownish skin spots from increased melanin production

    Freckles, also known as ephelides, are small, flat, brownish spots on the skin that typically appear on sun-exposed areas. They result from an increase in melanin production and are more common in individuals with lighter skin tones. Freckles are generally harmless and can become more pronounced with sun exposure.

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      Adam10 Haploinsufficiency Causes Freckle-Like Macules in Hairless Mice

      research Adam10 haploinsufficiency causes freckle-like macules in Hairless mice

      13 citations , July 2012 in “Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research”
      In this study, researchers identified a new dominant mutation in Hairless mice, called Pied, resulting from a deletion in the Adam10 gene, which causes freckle-like skin pigmentation by inhibiting melanocyte expansion.
      Epidemiology of Vitiligo: A Dual Population-Based Approach

      research Epidemiology of Vitiligo – A Dual Population-Based Approach

      11 citations , May 2021 in “Clinical Epidemiology”
      This study found that the prevalence of vitiligo in Germany is higher in clinical exams than in claims data, suggesting many patients may not seek medical help due to unsatisfactory treatment options.
      Automated Skin Surface Phenotype for Melanoma Risk Assessment

      research 203 Automated skin surface phenotype for melanoma risk assessment

      April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”
      This study found that using 3D total body imaging with convolution neural networks accurately identifies risk phenotypes for melanoma, suggesting improved objective stratification for early detection and prevention.

      research Usefulness of cosmetics

      January 1997 in “Elsevier eBooks”
      This chapter reviews research on the usefulness of cosmetics for skin and hair, covering physiological, physicochemical, and psychological effects, but reports no new research findings.

      research Disorders of pigmentation in infants and children

      2 citations , January 2002 in “Clinics in Dermatology”
      This review details the characteristics, associations, and differential diagnoses of vitiligo and reports no new clinical findings.

      research FORENSIC DNA PHENOTYPING FOR CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION

      August 2024 in “Clinical & experimental pathology”
      This research highlights significant advancements in forensic DNA phenotyping, enabling predictions of physical traits, ancestry, and age from crime scene DNA, but notes that further research and validation are needed for greater accuracy and reliability.
      Telogen Effluvium

      research Telogen Effluvium

      January 2018 in “The Sewanee Review”
      This abstract is a poetic narrative that recounts a personal experience involving hair loss, medical examinations, and reflections on life, but it reports no scientific findings or new clinical results.
      Hyperpigmentation and Melasma

      research Hyperpigmentation and Melasma

      February 2009 in “Springer eBooks”
      Hyperpigmentation is common in pregnancy and may not fully fade after birth; melasma, also frequent, can persist but has limited treatment options during pregnancy.
      Dermatoses of Pregnancy

      research Dermatoses of pregnancy

      208 citations , July 2001 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”
      This review discusses the classification and diagnosis of pregnancy-related skin conditions and reports no new clinical findings.
      Physiologic Skin Changes Associated With Pregnancy

      research PHYSIOLOGIC SKIN CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY

      64 citations , June 1992 in “International Journal of Dermatology”
      Pregnancy often causes skin changes like darkening, stretch marks, and hair growth, which may improve after childbirth.
      Cosmetic Aspects of Pregnancy

      research Cosmetic aspects of pregnancy

      51 citations , February 2006 in “Clinics in Dermatology”
      This review discusses the physiological changes in the female body during pregnancy, relating them to hormonal shifts, and comments on treatment considerations, but it presents no new research findings.
      The Skin in Pregnancy: A Review of Normal Changes

      research The Skin in Pregnancy

      47 citations , May 2002 in “Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery”
      This review discusses normal skin changes during pregnancy such as pigmentary and glandular alterations, highlighting the need for physician awareness to avoid unnecessary treatments, and reports no new clinical findings.
      Pregnancy and the Skin

      research Pregnancy and the Skin

      36 citations , April 1990 in “Dermatologic Clinics”
      This review discusses skin changes and dermatoses during pregnancy and reports no clinical findings, emphasizing a need for better understanding of their causes.
      Physiological Skin Changes During Pregnancy

      research Physiological Skin Changes During Pregnancy

      35 citations , December 2014 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology”
      This article discusses skin changes during pregnancy and emphasizes the importance of recognizing these physiological manifestations to prevent unnecessary tests and stress for pregnant patients; it reports no new study findings.
      Photobiomodulation: The Clinical Applications of Low-Level Light Therapy

      research Photobiomodulation: The Clinical Applications of Low-Level Light Therapy

      33 citations , January 2021 in “Aesthetic Surgery Journal”
      This review suggested that low-level light therapy using red/near-infrared light could be a safe and effective treatment for various skin and hair conditions, though more robust trials are needed to solidify its clinical utility.
      Cosmetic Potential of Southeast Asian Herbs: An Overview

      research Cosmetic potential of Southeast Asian herbs: an overview

      17 citations , February 2015 in “Phytochemistry Reviews”
      This review discusses the cosmetic potential of Southeast Asian herbs and highlights the need for more systematic scientific evaluation of their efficacy and safety.
      Pregnancy's Effects on the Skin

      research Pregnancy's effects on the skin

      13 citations , June 1984 in “Postgraduate Medicine”
      This article discusses various pruritic dermatoses that can occur during pregnancy, emphasizing the importance of physician skill in diagnosing and treating these conditions; it reports no new findings.
      Growth in Skin Surgery: Historical Advancements Since 1950

      research Growth in skin surgery

      4 citations , July 1992 in “Clinics in Dermatology”
      Skin surgery has significantly advanced since 1950, with improvements in chemical peels, hair restoration, lasers, and Mohs surgery, and the development of less invasive techniques and specialized training.
      Primary Care of Adult Women: Dermatologic Conditions

      research Primary Care of Adult Women

      2 citations , March 2016 in “Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America”
      This article reviews common dermatologic conditions seen in primary care, such as acne and skin cancer, but reports no new findings.
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