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Glossary Cytokeratins

fibrous proteins providing structural support in epithelial cells

Cytokeratins, also known as keratin proteins or CKs, are a group of fibrous structural proteins that form the intermediate filaments in epithelial cells. They provide mechanical support and help maintain the integrity of cells and tissues. In a clinical context, cytokeratins are often used as biomarkers in the diagnosis and study of various cancers, as their expression patterns can indicate the type and origin of a tumor.

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Human Epithelial Stem Cell Survival Within Their Niche Requires Tonic Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Signaling—Lessons From the Hair Follicle

research Human epithelial stem cell survival within their niche requires “tonic” cannabinoid receptor 1‐signalling—Lessons from the hair follicle

14 citations , February 2021 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study found that activating CB1 receptor signaling in human hair follicles increased stem cell proliferation while reducing differentiated cell survival, suggesting CB1's role as a survival stimulus for epithelial stem cells.

research Cytokeratin expression of apocrine and eccrine poromas with special reference to its expression in cuticular cells

37 citations , August 2000 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

This study found that keratin immunohistochemistry suggests neoplastic cells in eccrine and apocrine poromas are closely related to dermal sweat duct cells, but cannot differentiate these poromas based solely on keratin patterns.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicle Keratinocytes as a Potential Source for In Vitro Hair Follicle Cloning

research Peer Review #1 of "Induced pluripotent stem cells from human hair follicle keratinocytes as a potential source for in vitro hair follicle cloning (v0.1)"

November 2016

This study found that human hair follicles can be used to generate induced pluripotent stem cells, which can then efficiently differentiate back into keratinocytes.

research A Case of Trichoblastoma

January 2003 in “Linchuang pifuke zazhi”

This case report describes a trichoblastoma in a 58-year-old man's leg, which was successfully excised without recurrence observed after 9 months.

Markers to Evaluate the Quality and Self-Renewing Potential of Engineered Human Skin Substitutes In Vitro and After Transplantation

research Markers to Evaluate the Quality and Self-Renewing Potential of Engineered Human Skin Substitutes In Vitro and after Transplantation

120 citations , August 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that C8/144B antibody exclusively binds to the hair follicle bulge and not the epidermal stratum basale, with cytokeratin 19 serving as a key marker of certain basal keratinocytes that decrease with age.

research Keratin nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel microneedles for programmed repair of radiation-induced skin injury

January 2026 in “Journal of Materials Chemistry B”

This study concluded that the KNPs@M/G microneedle system offers a promising strategy for treating radiation-induced skin injury by promoting antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative effects.

research Decellularized Wharton's jelly matrix as a three dimensional scaffold for wound healing and hair regeneration applications

August 2016 in “KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)”

This study demonstrated that transplanting in vitro differentiated Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells on acellular dermal grafts led to complete skin regeneration with appendages in a mouse model of full-thickness wounds.

Co-Expression Pattern of VEGFR-2 With Indicators Related to Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Differentiation of Anagen Hair Follicles

research The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles

January 2023 in “Open Life Sciences”

This study found that VEGFR-2 activation may play a role in hair follicle differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis by co-expressing with several key proteins in normal human scalp skin.

research Immunostaining study of cytokeratins in human hair follicle development

2 citations , May 2020 in “Anais brasileiros de dermatologia/Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”

This study observed that cytokeratins are expressed at specific stages during human fetal hair follicle development, with early markers indicating cellular maturation and later markers appearing in more developed follicles.

research Comparative Characterization of Human Meibomian Glands, Free Sebaceous Glands, and Hair-Associated Sebaceous Glands Based on Biomarkers, Analysis of Secretion Composition, and Gland Morphology

March 2024 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

This study found that human meibomian glands differ significantly from free and hair-associated sebaceous glands in morphology and lipid composition, making them highly specialized holocrine glands.

research Cytokeratin expression in trichoblastic fibroma (small nodular type trichoblastoma), trichoepithelioma and basal cell carcinoma

87 citations , January 1999 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that trichoblastic fibroma and basal cell carcinoma cannot be differentiated by cytokeratin expression patterns, while trichoepithelioma lacks CK7 expression, distinguishing it from the other two neoplasms.

research Trichofolliculoma: case report with immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins

18 citations , March 2003 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This case report details the immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins in a trichofolliculoma, providing insights but no new clinical findings.

research Different keratin polypeptides in epidermis and other epithelia of human skin: a specific cytokeratin of molecular weight 46,000 in epithelia of the pilosebaceous tract and basal cell epitheliomas.

277 citations , October 1982 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

This study found that the cytokeratin patterns in skin epithelia can distinguish between different types, with basal-cell epitheliomas showing a striking similarity to the pilosebaceous tract.

research Solid basal cell epithelioma (BCE) possibly originates from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle.

61 citations , August 1993 in “PubMed”

This study found that solid basal cell epitheliomas and the outer root sheath of human hair follicles display nearly identical cytokeratin profiles, suggesting a potential origin connection.

research An Exploratory In Vivo Study on the Effect of Annurca Apple Extract on Hair Growth in Mice

1 citations , December 2022 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

This study found that orally administered Annurca apple extract improved hair length, thickness, weight, and density in mice, while also increasing the expression of hair growth-related genes and proteins, suggesting potential as a natural treatment for hair loss.

research The pathogenesis of alopecia areata

January 2015

In this study, researchers found that alopecia areata is linked to immune cell activation against hair follicle autoantigens and is associated with heart changes and cardiac marker alterations in humans and mice.

research In Vitro Assembly and Structure of Trichocyte Keratin Intermediate Filaments

91 citations , December 2000 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

This study reports that expressed mouse type Ia and type IIa trichocyte keratins were successfully assembled into intermediate filaments in vitro, while also suggesting that disulfide bond cross linking enhances their stability.

Brassica Oleracea Extract, Glucosinolates, And Sulforaphane Promote Hair Growth In Vitro And Ex Vivo

research Brassica oleracea extract, glucosinlates, and sulforaphane promote hair growth in vitro and ex vivo

2 citations , April 2021 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

This study found that sulforaphane and its related compounds may promote hair follicle growth in mice, suggesting their potential as treatment agents for androgenic alopecia.

research UNCONVENTIONAL PROTEIN SECRETION OF KERATIN 75 BY AMELOBLASTS IN VIVO

April 2018 in “D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)”

This study found that keratin-75, discovered in enamel tissue, is secreted by ameloblasts using an unconventional pathway involving the ER-Golgi-Intermediate-Compartment and Golgi, differing from typical cytokeratin localization.

research [Experimental study on vascular endothelial growth factor 165 gene-modified rat hair follicle stem cells mediated by lentiviral vector].

February 2014 in “PubMed”

This study reports that high-purity rHFSCs with strong proliferation and high VEGF165 expression can be efficiently obtained, facilitating tissue engineering applications like artificial hair follicles and skin construction.

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues. I. Human and bovine hair follicles

248 citations , April 1988 in “Differentiation”

In this study, researchers observed that trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins have distinct expression patterns within various human and bovine hair follicle cells, contributing to understanding hair follicle development and growth.

research New aspects of galectin functionality in nuclei of cultured bone marrow stromal and epidermal cells: biotinylated galectins as tool to detect specific binding sites

89 citations , October 2003 in “Biology of the Cell”

This study found that labeled galectin-1 binds to specific nuclear sites in human bone marrow stromal cells and keratinocytes, suggesting a role in nuclear function, although only in a small fraction of cells.

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues II. Concomitant and mutually exclusive synthesis of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in diverse human and bovine tissues (hair follicle, nail bed and matrix, lingual papilla, thymic reticulum)

187 citations , May 1988 in “Differentiation”

This study found that trichocytic cytokeratins, typically found in hair, are also present in nails, filiform papillae of the tongue, and the epithelial reticulum of the thymus.

research Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues

124 citations , December 1988 in “Differentiation”

This study found that T cytokeratins appear more gradually and with complex coexpression patterns in developing nail structures compared to the more abrupt transition in hair follicles.

research The complement of native α-keratin polypeptides of hair-forming cells: A subset of eight polypeptides that differ from epithelial cytokeratins

198 citations , October 1986 in “Differentiation”

research Regulation of Hair Shedding by the Type 3 IP3 Receptor

19 citations , May 2012 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that mice lacking the type 3 IP(3) receptor in their hair follicles experienced repetitive hair loss and regrowth, indicating disrupted hair-cycle regulation potentially linked to specific signaling pathways.

research Stem cell markers (cytokeratin 15, CD34 and nestin) in primary scarring and nonscarring alopecia

54 citations , January 2009 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that in scarring alopecia, stem cells are differentially localized, suggesting that both inner and outer root sheath stem cells, rather than just follicular bulge stem cells, are involved.

research The Functional Diversity of Epidermal Keratins Revealed by the Partial Rescue of the Keratin 14 Null Phenotype by Keratin 16

53 citations , September 1999 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

In this study, expressing human K16 in the epidermis of K14 null mice prevented early skin blistering but led to age-related anomalies, indicating K16 and K14 have distinct roles despite their sequence similarity.

Induction of Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cell Properties in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Multipotent LNGFR(+)THY-1(+) Mesenchymal Cells

research Induction of hair follicle dermal papilla cell properties in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived multipotent LNGFR(+)THY-1(+) mesenchymal cells

42 citations , February 2017 in “Scientific Reports”

In this study, researchers differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells into cells with dermal papilla-like properties, demonstrating their potential role in hair follicle bioengineering and drug testing for hair growth.

research Cytokeratin 15 expression in central, centrifugal, cicatricial alopecia: new observations in normal and diseased hair follicles

14 citations , January 2011 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

This study found that CK15 is an unreliable marker for assessing bulge zone integrity in cicatricial alopecia follicles due to its altered expression in diseased conditions.