19 citations,
July 1964 in “PubMed” Hair follicle cells become four types: medulla, cortex, cuticle, and inner root sheath.
18 citations,
January 1994 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” Sunlight damages hair, causing cuticle loss, protein changes, and discoloration.
17 citations,
July 2014 in “Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine” Abnormal cuticle and hair shaft medulla cause hair loss in androgenetic alopecia; sonography helps diagnose and manage it.
15 citations,
February 1999 in “The anatomical record” Some mutant mice have hair with abnormal cross-linking, mainly in the cuticle, not affecting other hair parts.
10 citations,
January 2002 in “Nihon Keshouhin Gijutsushakaishi/Journal of S C C./Nihon Keshouhin Gijutsushakai kaishi” The cuticle significantly contributes to hair stiffness, making up about 60% of the total bending stress.
9 citations,
July 2018 in “Acta biomaterialia” Eyelash curvature is linked to the thickness of the cuticle layer at the root.
9 citations,
January 2011 in “Journal of X-ray science and technology” Perming and bleaching damage hair differently, with bleached hair having more cysteic acid in the cuticle.
August 2007 in “Microscopy and Microanalysis” Hair fibers break by cuticle cell slipping, shape changing, cuticle fraying, and surface cracking when stretched under specific conditions.
February 1999 in “The anatomical record” Two mouse mutants have defective hair cuticle cross-linking.
4 citations,
January 2017 in “Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin” Inhibiting ALOX12 can help hair cuticle maturation by increasing S100A3 citrullination.
1 citations,
January 2007 in “AIP conference proceedings” High-resolution x-ray images showed three main structures in human hair: medulla, cortex, and cuticle.
117 citations,
August 2005 in “Ultramicroscopy” Human hair's strength and flexibility vary by ethnicity, damage, and treatment.
81 citations,
December 2007 in “Acta materialia” AFM helped show how hair changes under tension and the effects of damage and conditioner.
75 citations,
November 1965 in “Textile research journal” Papain and bisulfite break down human hair by dissolving parts of it.
52 citations,
February 2005 in “Biopolymers” Chemical hair straightening changes hair proteins and mostly fixes broken bonds.
45 citations,
December 2006 in “Biopolymers” Permanent waving weakens hair by altering its protein structure.
31 citations,
December 2002 in “Biochimica et biophysica acta. G, General subjects/Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects (Online)” The research found two types of calcium in human hair, one that varies among individuals and another that is consistent across people.
31 citations,
December 2010 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Loose anagen hair syndrome is caused by structural abnormalities in the hair follicle's inner root sheath.
31 citations,
June 2010 in “Journal of dermatology” Hair bleaching causes significant damage to hair and skin.
30 citations,
September 2018 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Bleaching hair causes severe structural and chemical damage, including protein loss and oxidation.
28 citations,
November 2018 in “Journal of structural biology” Different populations have distinct hair structures related to their ancestry.
27 citations,
January 1995 Melanin in black hair protects it from sun damage better than light-brown hair.
22 citations,
September 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” μ-Crystallin may help hair growth by affecting thyroid hormone levels in mouse hair follicles.
20 citations,
December 2012 in “Journal of molecular structure” The study found that thioglycolic acid breaks down hair bonds more consistently than l-cysteine, which is less damaging to hair.
18 citations,
August 2014 in “Lipids” Human hair has more unsaturated fats inside than on the surface, and certain lipids may help bind the outer and inner layers together.
18 citations,
November 2010 in “Journal of morphology” Antler velvet hair and body hair of red deer have different structures that help with protection and insulation.
15 citations,
August 2020 in “Analytical chemistry” Hair lipids do not protect against humidity.
15 citations,
May 2010 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” The cell membrane complex in mammalian hair has three distinct types with different structures and chemical properties.
15 citations,
October 2004 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces” Holes in mature hair are likely caused by the removal of substances during hair care.
15 citations,
January 1992 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” The Cell Membrane Complex in hair has both water-attracting and water-repelling layers.