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    Glossary Causal Inference

    determining if one factor directly affects another

    Causal inference is the process of determining whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables. For example, in the context of hair loss (alopecia), researchers might use causal inference to determine if a specific treatment directly leads to hair regrowth. This involves using statistical methods and study designs, such as randomized controlled trials, to rule out other factors and establish a direct link.

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    1. EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Greasiness Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · 2000 · 137 citations
    2. Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Androgenic Alopecia: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis 2025
    3. Causal relationship between gut microbiota and androgenetic alopecia: A Mendelian randomization study Medicine · 2024
    4. Evaluating the Causal Relationship Between Human Blood Metabolites and the Susceptibility to Alopecia Areata Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2025 · 1 citations
    5. Reconsidering quantification and mechanistic inference in platelet-rich plasma research for androgenetic alopecia Journal of Dermatological Treatment · 2025
    6. Exploring the Causal Relationship and Molecular Mechanisms Between Fasting Insulin and Androgenetic Alopecia: A Mendelian Randomization Study with Bioinformatics Analysis Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · 2025
    7. Situation-Specific Purposes and Epistemic Games: A Framework for Teaching the Evaluation of Causal Information Science & Education · 2025 · 1 citations
    8. Association between non-scarring alopecia and hypothyroidism: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2024
    9. Evidence Synthesis Gone Awry: The Perils of Aggregating Ineffective or Unsafe Doses in Alopecia Areata Reviews Cureus · 2026
    10. Insights from real-world data: clinical features and treatment patterns of Compound Jinqiancao Granules in patients with prostatitis Frontiers in Pharmacology · 2026
    11. RETRACTED: Gut microbiota, skin microbiota, and alopecia areata: A Mendelian randomization study Skin Research and Technology · 2024 · 4 citations
    12. The Basic Science of Hair Biology Dermatologic Clinics · 2012 · 29 citations
    13. Association Between Androgenic Alopecia and Schizophrenia: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study International Journal of Dermatology and Venereology · 2025
    14. Impact of Reporter Type on Signal Detection of Cancer Therapy-Induced Alopecia: A Hypothesis-Generating Study Using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System Pharmaceuticals · 2026
    15. Oral finasteride use and sexual adverse events: signal detection from disproportionality analyses of data from the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Journal of Dermatological Treatment · 2026
    16. Genome-wide association study in frontal fibrosing alopecia identifies four susceptibility loci including HLA-B*07:02 Nature Communications · 2019 · 115 citations
    17. Pregnancy's lasting imprint: Late pregnancy allopregnanolone alters rat fear recall and medial prefrontal cortex activity Hormones and Behavior · 2026
    18. Modeling Oxidative Stress–Linked Telogen Effluvium: A Monte Carlo Simulation Using Published Trichoscopy Norms and Cannabis Exposure Distributions 2025
    19. Metabolic syndrome and skin conditions: Is there a potential link? Forum Dermatologicum · 2025
    20. Real‐World Outcomes and Safety of JAK Inhibitors in Paediatric Alopecia Areata: A Retrospective Multicentre Study Australasian Journal of Dermatology · 2026
    21. RETRACTED: Serum lipids may causally affect the occurrence of alopecia areata: A Mendelian randomization study Skin Research and Technology · 2024 · 3 citations
    22. Association between genetically predicted rheumatoid arthritis and alopecia areata: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study Frontiers in Immunology · 2023 · 2 citations
    23. Genetically predicted levels of circulating cytokines and the risk of six immune skin diseases: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study Frontiers in Immunology · 2023 · 8 citations
    24. Environmental Factors and Puberty Timing: Expert Panel Research Needs Pediatrics · 2008 · 284 citations
    25. Contemporaneous onset of systemic lupus erythematosus and severe eating disorder; neither the chicken nor the egg Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · 2024
    26. The Relationship Between Metformin and Serum Prostate‐Specific Antigen Levels The Prostate · 2016 · 17 citations
    27. Quality of Life and Mood Status Disturbances in Cohabitants of Patients with Alopecia Areata: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Spanish Population International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2022 · 5 citations
    28. Associations of dietary indices with risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive adults Annals of Medicine · 2025 · 3 citations
    29. Intradiscal platelet-rich plasma for discogenic low back pain: a prospective cohort study of early clinical outcomes and quantitative MRI findings Scientific Reports · 2026 · 1 citations
    30. Cardiometabolic comorbidities associated with androgenetic alopecia: Findings from a sex-stratified, propensity-matched national cohort Dermatology Online Journal · 2026