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The study focused on developing cilostazol-loaded spanlastics (CIL-SPA) for enhanced nose-to-brain delivery, addressing cilostazol's low solubility and absorption issues. The optimized formulations, incorporated into Phytagel®, Poloxamer-407, and chitosan gel bases, demonstrated favorable colloidal properties, high encapsulation efficiency (>99%), and met nasal droplet size requirements. They exhibited strong mucoadhesive properties and significantly improved cilostazol flux and permeability in vitro compared to the initial drug. The formulations released nearly 100% of cilostazol within 2 hours, suggesting their potential to enhance cilostazol's bioavailability for cerebrovascular treatment.

The study explored the use of intranasal glycethosomal in situ gels for delivering risperidone (RS) to treat schizophrenia, aiming to improve adherence compared to oral regimens. Using the Box–Behnken Design, the researchers optimized gels containing ethanol and glycerin, which affected vesicle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The optimized gel, with 20% poloxamer 407 and 1% hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-K4M, demonstrated low viscosity, high spreadability, and effective mucoadhesion. It showed significantly higher RS bioavailability than a control gel and marketed tablet, and enhanced neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in schizophrenia-induced rats. This intranasal gel presents a promising alternative to oral therapy for schizophrenia.