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negative expectations cause adverse symptoms despite inactive treatment

The nocebo effect occurs when negative expectations or beliefs about a treatment or condition cause a person to experience adverse symptoms or a worsening of their condition, even if the treatment is inactive or harmless. For example, if someone believes that a harmless cream will cause skin irritation, they might actually develop a rash due to their negative expectations. This phenomenon is the opposite of the placebo effect, where positive expectations lead to perceived or actual improvements in health.