52 citations
,
February 1985 in “Archives of Dermatology” Minoxidil absorbs poorly through skin, with low risk of side effects at 1-2% concentration.
25 citations
,
June 1990 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study found that minoxidil absorption through the skin increased with longer contact times, reaching over 75% of the maximum absorption within four hours.
18 citations
,
October 2005 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” This study found that incorporating 0.5% TPGS into topical minoxidil solutions enhanced hair growth in mice, although increasing TPGS to 2% decreased effectiveness.
1 citations
,
June 2022 in “Pharmaceutics” This study found that paracellular transport significantly contributes to the intestinal permeability of minoxidil, suggesting its limited suitability as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System reference drug due to potential variability.
April 2025 in “American Journal of Case Reports” This case report highlights that improper application techniques, such as scalp occlusion, can increase systemic absorption of minoxidil and lead to unwanted side effects like hypertrichosis.