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This article discusses the anatomical and biological aspects of hair follicle stem cells in the bulge region but reports no new research findings.

This study found that alopecia areata is associated with distinct systemic and tissue immune signatures, with macrophages implicated as contributors to hair loss, suggesting potential therapeutic targeting of macrophage activity.

This manuscript reviews the latest understanding of alopecia areata's pathogenesis, highlighting the roles of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, with a focus on immune responses involving IFN-γ and cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells as key contributors to hair follicle inflammation and function disruption without follicle destruction.

This review discusses the role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata and highlights emerging immunomodulatory strategies and novel therapeutic targets aimed at offering more effective and durable treatments for this autoimmune hair loss disorder.