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This article discusses the anatomical and biological aspects of hair follicle stem cells in the bulge region but reports no new research findings.

This study found that alopecia areata is associated with distinct systemic and tissue immune signatures, with macrophages implicated as contributors to hair loss, suggesting potential therapeutic targeting of macrophage activity.

This manuscript reviews the latest understanding of alopecia areata's pathogenesis, highlighting the roles of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, with a focus on immune responses involving IFN-γ and cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells as key contributors to hair follicle inflammation and function disruption without follicle destruction.

This review discusses the role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata and highlights emerging immunomodulatory strategies and novel therapeutic targets aimed at offering more effective and durable treatments for this autoimmune hair loss disorder.

This review highlights recent insights into how IL-15 influences T cell responses and contributes to immunopathogenesis in various diseases, suggesting its crucial role in TCR-independent activation and potential in optimizing therapeutic strategies.

This study found that certain T cell-associated genes were upregulated in dogs with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome and vitiligo, suggesting a shared immunopathogenesis with humans.

In this research, RNA expression analysis of scalp biopsies from lichen planopilaris patients revealed changes in specific genes after treatments with hydroxychloroquine, narrow band UVB, or low level laser light therapy, suggesting potential biomarkers and implicating M2 macrophages in the disease's immunopathogenesis.

Certain NK cell changes in blood may indicate alopecia areata progression.

Dupilumab can help regrow hair in alopecia areata but stopping it may cause hair loss again.

This narrative review highlights the shared immunopathogenesis of alopecia areata and atopic dermatitis and discusses approved and investigational therapies that target common pathways, suggesting a future for personalized treatment strategies.

This study suggests that IL-4 and IL-13 may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of alopecia areata in some patients, indicating a possible Th2-driven pathway in this condition.

This review summarizes recent research on alopecia areata, highlighting advances in targeted therapies due to improved understanding of its immunopathogenesis, though it reports no new clinical results.

This case report describes a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who developed both alopecia areata and lichen planopilaris despite immunosuppressive treatment, suggesting a shared immunopathogenesis between these disorders.

This case report describes a rare association where herpes zoster infection may have triggered the first attack of NMOSD with systemic vasculitis in a patient, suggesting potential overlaps in immunopathogenesis.

This study found that intron 3 VNTR polymorphism in the IL-4 gene may be associated with an increased risk of alopecia areata in the Turkish population.

This study found that in chronic alopecia areata, increased IL-17 expression and CD8+CD49a-Trm cell infiltration in hair follicles were associated with more severe histopathologic gradings, while Foxp3+mTreg infiltration decreased.

This study found that alopecia areata patients had increased insulin resistance compared to controls, suggesting a potential link between inflammation, stress axis activation, and insulin resistance in this population.

This study demonstrates that exfoliative cutaneous lupus erythematosus in German short-haired pointers involves a cellular and humoral immune response against the epidermal basement membrane, with poor response to immunosuppressive therapy.

This review discusses a "stochastic multi-hit model" to explain the onset, progression, and recurrence of vitiligo and other autoimmune skin diseases, emphasizing genetic and environmental influences, immune cell interactions, and unexplored mechanistic gaps.

This review summarizes the pathophysiology and immune mechanisms of inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeted immunotherapies, but reports no new clinical results.

This article reviews various models of graft-versus-host disease, highlighting the complexity of its mechanisms and the challenges in interpreting histopathologic data; it reports no new results.

This study suggests that local skin inflammation may enhance the deposition of autoantibodies in the skin, potentially affecting the severity of pemphigus lesions in mice.

In this study, researchers explored the immunological mechanisms involved in alopecia areata and suggested that targeting immune responses, particularly using JAK inhibitors and other immunomodulatory drugs, could help achieve stable remission and improve patients' quality of life.

This review outlines the proposed theories behind the development of alopecia areata, emphasizing the autoimmune process involving lost immune privilege in hair follicles, and stresses the need to pinpoint specific pathogenic mechanisms for potential treatments.

This study examines the similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions alopecia areata and vitiligo, highlighting shared features like immune cell involvement and cytokine pathways, while noting differing immune responses in skin and hair.

This study summarizes how the IL-23/IL-17 axis contributes to inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and highlights that biologics targeting this pathway, including monoclonal antibodies against IL-23 and IL-17, have shown efficacy in clinical trials for these conditions.