January 2020 in “Medical journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth” This study found that polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of cutaneous manifestations of hyperandrogenism in women of reproductive age, with hirsutism severity correlated to serum testosterone levels.
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May 2021 in “Problemy e̊ndokrinologii” This study found that in men, elevated androgen levels can occur at any age, with older men potentially exhibiting increased total testosterone due to higher levels of SHBG, and younger men showing various clinical manifestations like acne and alopecia.
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February 2010 in “Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica” In this study, hirsutism in women with PCOS was strongly associated with hyperandrogenism and metabolic abnormalities, while acne and androgenic alopecia were not effective markers for hyperandrogenism.
May 2023 in “Problems of Endocrinology” This study observed that "physiological" hyperandrogenism due to elevated total testosterone was associated with a 23.5% incidence of arterial hypertension, unlike hyperandrogenism due to elevated DHT levels.
January 2011 in “Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery” Acne and hair loss are not good indicators of hormone imbalance in PCOS, but excessive body hair is.