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In this review, researchers examined the molecular diversity and expression patterns of major skin appendage proteins, like keratins and EDC proteins, in tetrapods, highlighting recent findings in reptiles and birds and identifying knowledge gaps for future research.

This research suggests that hair keratins evolved from claw keratins in a hairless ancestor, with Hoxc13 controlling their expression in tetrapods, evidenced by the knockout of Hoxc13 hindering claw formation in Xenopus tropicalis frogs.

This study examined the complex morphology of the cornified claw sheath in domesticated cats, uncovering structures and growth patterns that help maintain sharp claw tips essential for climbing and prey capture.

This study explains how the development of keratin-associated proteins in embryonic epidermis is crucial for forming protective barriers in vertebrates, enabling them to adapt to terrestrial environments.

This review discusses the formation and structure of the cornified cell envelope in the epidermis, highlighting biochemical pathways and genetic factors, but presents no new experimental results.