35 citations
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January 2018 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” This study found that nanoemulsion formulations with oleic acid or eucalyptol significantly enhanced the delivery and retention of caffeine through hair follicles and surrounding skin regions.
7 citations
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January 2020 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” In this study using ex vivo porcine ear skin, researchers found that standard nail varnish applied gently creates effective follicular closures, preventing penetration of certain substances like fluorescein sodium salt and caffeine into hair follicles, whereas solvent-free varnish and rapid application techniques were less effective.
93 citations
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January 2007 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” In this study, caffeine applied in a shampoo penetrated hair follicles faster and more effectively than through the skin surface within the first 20 minutes.
January 2026 in “AAPS PharmSciTech” In this study, a novel liposomal formulation combining caffeine and cafestol significantly enhanced their penetration into human skin layers, with formulation F9 doubling caffeine and greatly increasing cafestol levels in the dermis, suggesting potential for improved topical delivery.
15 citations
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October 2020 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” This study reported that combining microdialysis and selective follicular closure with varnish significantly reduces caffeine penetration through hair follicles in an ex vivo porcine ear skin model.