June 2025 in “Healthy-Mu Journal” The optimized Cinchonine gel effectively fights acne bacteria and is safe for twice-daily use.
70 citations
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February 2019 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology” This study found that short-chain fatty acids produced by the skin microbe Propionibacterium acnes may drive inflammatory gene expression in sebocytes, potentially contributing to acne.
22 citations
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September 2019 in “Trends in Immunology” This paper proposes that acne vulgaris is a transient inflammatory response during adolescence due to changes in facial skin's microbiota and sebum environment rather than a stable skin condition.
7 citations
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March 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This study found that FGF21 suppresses inflammation induced by C. acnes in both human skin cells and mouse models, suggesting potential use in acne treatment.
4 citations
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December 2021 in “Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine” This article describes adult female acne as a complex condition affected by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, with hormonal therapies highlighted as particularly valuable for treatment.