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This study found that blocking neurosteroid synthesis in pregnant sheep increased HPA axis activity, particularly under stress, suggesting neurosteroids help modulate stress response.

This review found that patients with depression generally have higher hair cortisol concentrations compared to healthy controls, while those with PTSD tend to have lower concentrations.

This study observed fluctuations in hair cortisol levels in rabbits, indicating their HPA axis activity responded similarly to surgical and environmental stressors, suggesting potential anthropomorphic evaluations of stress.

This article reviews the use of hair cortisol concentration as a biomarker to assess long-term stress in both animals and humans, but it reports no new experimental results.

This review discusses sex differences in the neuroendocrine response to stress, focusing primarily on rodent studies, and highlights open questions about the roles of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes.