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This paper reviews the evolution of skin appendages and keratin-associated proteins among amniotes, proposing a model for their genetic divergence without new experimental results.

In this study, researchers found that the EDMTFH protein is present in specific layers of the chicken embryo skin and feathers, suggesting its role in feather mechanics and development.

The researchers reported that scaffoldin, a protein identified in chicken embryos, likely plays a role in forming periderm granules and contributes to the soft cornification of embryonic epidermis.

In this review, researchers examined the molecular diversity and expression patterns of major skin appendage proteins, like keratins and EDC proteins, in tetrapods, highlighting recent findings in reptiles and birds and identifying knowledge gaps for future research.

In this study, researchers propose that different vertebrate skin appendages, such as hair, feathers, and scales, evolved in parallel from a shared ancestral cell structure associated with teeth, dating back approximately 420 million years ago.