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This study found that tofacitinib was safe and effective for patients with severe or treatment-resistant alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis, resulting in significant hair regrowth for most participants.

This retrospective case series reported that pediatric patients with alopecia totalis and subtotalis experienced significant hair regrowth after treatment with the JAK inhibitor upadacitinib, with mild acne as the most common side effect; however, larger studies are needed to establish its efficacy and safety conclusively.

This study suggests that autoimmune dysregulation involving HLA-DR+ T and NK cell subsets may contribute to severe patchy alopecia areata and alopecia universalis, with normalization seen after betamethasone treatment.

This source reports that platelet-rich plasma may be as effective as intralesional corticosteroids for treating patchy alopecia areata, with potential for earlier and more sustained results, while promising in vitro and animal studies on stem cells highlight the need for more clinical research.

This retrospective cohort study found that individuals with alopecia totalis or universalis have a higher prevalence of systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly endocrine diseases and inflammatory bowel disease, compared to those with patchy alopecia areata.