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This study observes the expression of mRNA for androgen receptor, 5α‐reductase, and 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human dermal papilla cells.

In this study, researchers developed a sensitive LC–MS–MS assay to measure 3α-androstanediol levels in rat plasma and observed that testosterone raises these levels via a 5α-reductase pathway.

This paper proposes a theory explaining how the normal anabolic effects of androgens lead to structural changes and hair follicle miniaturization, contributing to androgenic alopecia.

This review finds that vigorous aerobic exercise and resistance training may improve insulin sensitivity and androgen levels in women with PCOS, though more research is needed for definitive conclusions.

In this viewpoint, researchers discussed the possible role of the developmental origin of scalp dermis in influencing the specific pattern of hair follicle miniaturization seen in male pattern hair loss, noting that frontal follicles are more susceptible while occipital follicles remain largely terminal.