Seborrheic Dermatitis Revisited: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, And Emerging Therapies—A Narrative Review

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting areas like the scalp and face, with a multifactorial etiology involving sebaceous gland activity, immune dysregulation, and microbiome alterations. Recent advances in understanding SD's pathophysiology highlight the roles of Th1, Th17, and Th22 immune responses. Traditional treatments include antifungals and corticosteroids, but new therapies such as PDE4 inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, probiotics, and microbiome-targeted treatments show promise, especially for patients with severe or treatment-resistant SD. These emerging therapies could address the unmet needs of those with recurrent or refractory SD.