A Review on Androgenic Alopecia: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment Approaches

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent condition characterized by progressive hair thinning and follicle miniaturization, affecting both genders and various races with a global prevalence of 0.2% to 2%. The pathogenesis of AGA involves elevated dehydrotestosterone levels and a high concentration of androgen receptors in the scalp, alongside a complex genetic predisposition. The severity of AGA is assessed using the modified Norwood-Hamilton classification system, which categorizes hair loss into seven stages. FDA-approved treatments include topical minoxidil, oral finasteride, and low-level light therapy, with additional options like hormonal therapies, platelet-rich plasma, exosome treatments, and hair transplantation. Ongoing research continues to explore new treatment modalities.