Responsive Microneedles as a New Platform for Precision Immunotherapy

Responsive microneedles are an innovative platform for precision immunotherapy, particularly in cancer treatment, due to their ability to deliver drugs directly to the skin, enhancing immune responses while minimizing systemic side effects. These microneedles respond to stimuli like pH changes, enzymes, and temperature, allowing controlled drug release. They have shown effectiveness in animal models for tumor inhibition and offer advantages such as minimal invasiveness and potential for self-administration. Despite challenges like production costs and stability, they hold promise for future medical applications, with 143 clinical applications reported. Future research aims to improve vaccine delivery and immune activation through dual-response and multiresponse systems.