Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD): A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Psychological Impact, and Therapeutic Approaches

Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalances, metabolic issues, and polycystic ovarian morphology. It is a major cause of infertility and is linked to systemic and psychological complications, including anxiety and depression. The disorder's etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic, insulin resistance, and environmental factors. Clinically, PCOD manifests as irregular menstruation, excessive hair growth, acne, alopecia, obesity, and infertility. Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment, biochemical tests, and ultrasound imaging, with the Rotterdam criteria being widely used. If untreated, PCOD can lead to metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and endometrial carcinoma. Management includes lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, and assisted reproductive technologies, with emerging treatments like inositol supplementation showing promise. The review emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and effective multidisciplinary management.