TLDR Genetics may play a significant role in gender dysphoria.
This case report presents monozygotic transgender male twins, assigned female at birth, who were referred to an endocrinology clinic for hormonal management. Both twins, aged 27, have undergone mastectomy and are on testosterone therapy, showing physical changes such as increased body hair and voice deepening without mood-related side effects. The study highlights the genetic concordance in gender dysphoria, suggesting heritable mechanisms, while acknowledging the role of environmental and epigenetic factors. The twins' consistent gender identity development supports the strong association between genetic susceptibility and gender identity.
162 citations
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April 2016 in “The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology” Testosterone therapy in transgender men has both desired effects like increased muscle mass and potential health risks such as higher cardiovascular risk.
6 citations
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April 2019 in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” Testosterone therapy for transmasculine individuals is generally safe with medical supervision, improves mental health, and has mixed effects on physical health.
5 citations
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January 2023 in “Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism” The statement offers guidance for hormone therapy and surgery to help gender-incongruent adults affirm a male identity.
5 citations
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September 2021 in “Southern African Journal of Hiv Medicine” The guideline provides healthcare professionals in South Africa with instructions for comprehensive, multidisciplinary gender-affirming care, including HIV prevention and treatment for transgender and gender diverse individuals.
17 citations
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June 2018 in “Sexual Medicine Reviews” The document concludes that non-operative treatment for gender dysphoria is safe and effective, and hormone therapy does not increase cancer risk.
